Research Paper about Turkey

Turkey is considered to be a rather developed country, constitutional republic; its political system was set up in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, following World War I (Kinross, 11). Turkey was closer to the West, at the same time contributing to development of the relations with Eastern part. Due to its position the country has an unrivalled mixture of Eastern and Western cultural traditions. “A powerful regional presence in the Eurasian landmass with strong cultural and economic influence in the area between the European Union in the west and Central Asia in the east, Russia in the north and the Middle East in the south, Turkey has come to acquire increasing strategic significance” (Hale, 222). In this paper we will study the historical background of the country after World War I, the famous Ottoman Empire period, relations between Turkey and NATO and other main historical facts, which were of primary importance for the establishment of political system and cultural traditions of the country, pointing out the major advantages and disadvantages of the significant historical events and changes for the country’s cultural development.

 

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During the 8th and 9th centuries the Turkish nomadic tribes were converted to Islam. One century later the Seljuk tribe became one of the most powerful in Islamic world, they led settled life, had their administration and even taxation system. Later the conflicts between them and the rest tribes arose. “The tribe known as the Ottomans arose from one of the smaller emirates established in northwestern Anatolia after 1071” (Findley, 95). The Ottoman Empire was situated on the present territory of Turkey and had a strong influence in the southeast of Europe and the Middle East. In 1444 a significant battle took place on Varna, during which European army was not able to stop the Turks. “The Turks subsequently established an empire in Anatolia and southeastern Europe which lasted until the early twentieth century” (Kinross, 29). The powerful Ottoman Empire presented a serious menace for Christianity in the West, and the crusades of the Europeans were of little success.

The basic religious beliefs of Ottomans were initially based on shamanistic religion, but as soon as their contact to settled tribes was getting closer, they turned to Islam. For Islam were fighting the gazi warriors, at the same time some part of military forces of the Ottoman Empire, called the Janissaries, were paid for fighting on the side of Christian army. They were educated enough to become chiefs of the administrative offices in the Ottoman Empire. “In the 1340’s, a usurper’s request for Ottoman assistance in a revolt against the emperor provided the excuse for an Ottoman invasion of Thrace on the northern frontier of the Byzantine Empire” (Findley, 115). Thrace conquest was the first step for developing the empire over the territories of Anatolia, some of Byzantine territories and Minor Asia.

This is next to impossible to define the separate Ottoman culture, as it was rather a mixture of different cultures. During their invasions Turks gathered different cultural characteristics of the conquered territories and let them contribute to the Turkish folk culture. Thus for example the influence of Seljuk, Persian, Byzantine Greek, and Islamic architecture was evident upon the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. Classical period of Ottoman architecture belongs to the times of its growth, later during the period of stagnation this style was not in use any more and during the Tulip era it was under the strong impact of the Western Baroque, Rococo, and Empire styles.

Three languages were spoken in the Ottoman Empire: Arabic, Turkish and Persian without any special statues and as a result the spoken language presented the mixture of grammatical rules and vocabulary of all these languages. “In the last two centuries, French and English emerged as popular languages, especially among the Christian Levantine communities. The elite learned French at school, and used European products as a fashion statement” (Shaw, 54). Later Persian language was more often used for literature and Arabic - for religious ceremonies.

The education for the Ottoman elite people included classical music; they learnt also how to compose music. The roots of the Ottoman classical music can be traced in the fusion of Byzantine music, Arabic music, and Persian music. Apart of classical music, folk music was developed in different regions of the Ottoman Empire. “The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are: Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (Laz) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music” (Shaw, 81).

The main problem from the Ottomans was caused by Tamerlane – the leader of Tatars – in the 15th century; however the Ottomans continued the attacks on the Eastern Europe and Byzantium.

In 1453 Constantinople was captured and in 1456 fell Athens and by 1480 the Islamic threat was hanging over Italy already. Their presence in Italy however didn’t last for a long period of time, and soon the battle were won by Europeans.

There were advantages and disadvantages during the times of Ottoman Empire. Certainly the territorial expansion was great, but at the same time Turks had to face problems with organization of power. For example the ruler Murad II taking faithful former slaves to administrative positions, was able to built a system, ruled by Sultans who “were able to play one faction against the other, a feature that came to typify the Ottoman Empire” (Findley, 168). However the weak point was connected with inheritance of the sultan’s throne, especially in the cases when there were no male children or several sons of the sultan. At the beginning to solve this problem the male relatives of the new sultan were murdered, later put to prison. Researchers state, that this had a negative impact upon the governing system of the Ottoman Empire. Besides, the territory was too large and the lack of sufficient communication system didn’t allow controlling all the regions of it. The tense relations between different ethnic groups of the empire and inability of the government to solve these problems also contributed to the failure of the Ottoman Empire.

However, the Ottoman Empire managed to develop one of the most successful governmental policies during the late Middle Ages. The Ottomans, owed their wealth to the control of the main trade routes and to its convenient position between Eastern and Western worlds within six centuries (Hale, 263).

Germany and Turkey entered the World War I in November 1914, announced war to Britain, Russia and France. The most famous battle, which took place on the territory of Turkey was the Dardanelles campaign Australian and New Zealand Army tried to attack the capital of the Ottoman Empire – Istanbul; however the attack was not a success. Mesopotamia also belong to the territories of Turkey and British troops fought there as well. In September 1917 they managed to take Jerusalem and Baghdad. Russia made an attempt to attack Turkey from the North, but because of the Russian Revolution of 1917 Russian forces had to recede.

After World War I the Ottoman Empire was split into several parts. “The process began with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, followed 13 days later with the occupation of Istanbul” (Kinross, 65). In 1916 Britain signed a secret Sykes-Picot agreement with France for division of the territories of the Middle East. The occupation of Istanbul was followed by the Turkish War of Independence, aftermath the Republic of Turkey was founded. In 1945 Turkey entered World War II from the side of Allies and became a charter member of the United Nations in 1945 (Leslie, 31). In 1952 Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) after the Korean conflict, at the same time making an obstacle for the expansion from the Soviet side to the Mediterranean. At the moment the country is trying to develop its political and economical basis to enter European Union.

As it was already mentioned, the population of Turkey consisted of ethnic minorities, one of the separate ethnic groups were citizens of Kurdish origin. The Kurds had really strong influence upon national politics and were said to be a threat to the national unity of Turkey. The Turkish government tried to assimilate Kurds through prohibiting official speaking and writing Kurdish. From 1984 in the south east of Turkey Kurdish separatist movement started, later on growing into opposition to Turkish government. On one side the Kurds were struggling for autonomy from Turkey, on the other hand the majority of them still belonged to Turkish political parties and to Turkish society. The political leaders were trying to support the recognition of Kurdish cultural and civil rights. “In Turkey two major Kurdish dialects are spoken: Kermanji, which is used by the majority of Kurds, as well as by some of the Kurds in Iran and Iraq; and Zaza, spoken mainly in a triangular region in southeastern Turkey between Diyarbakir, Ezurum, and Sivas, as well as in parts of Iran”(Wink, 79. Turgut Özal, who was a prime minister in 1983 and then six years later became a president allowed officially to use the term Kurd. In 1991 he also recalled the ban for the use of Kurdish language. However, soon after his death in 1993, the political leaders of the country through the Constitutional Court declared the HEP – party of Kurds illegal. Instead a new organization - the Democratic Party – was formed, then later, in 1994 - Kurdish deputies formed the new People’s Democracy Party (Halkin Demokrasi Partisi—HADEP (Leslie, 36). Another well known radical movement of Kurds was the PKK. In general, the whole situation with Kurds’ conflict was really not easy for the country and strong political and social management was needed in order to solve it as soon as possible. The roots of the problem could be traced in the history of the country, which was built upon the expansion of the territories of other peoples and ethnicities that would at certain moment start their struggle for regaining their independence.

The whole history of Turkey was very dynamic and no wonder, that the culture of the country was developed under constant changes and extremes. It was already mentioned, that Turkey is considered to be the only country, where the Eastern and Western cultures interlaced with one another, forming a unique combination. During the times of the Ottoman Empire a great number of ethnic groups were united under one system, but they all had their own religious identities and cultural customs. After World War I, when the Ottoman Empire fell, the new born Turkish republic build a unitary approach, aimed at producing the Turkish national culture on the bases of all the constituent parts of the mixture. “This mixing, instead of producing cultural homogenization, instead resulted in many shades of grey as the traditional Muslim cultures of Anatolia collided with (or had imposed upon them) the cosmopolitan modernity of Istanbul and the wider West” (Shaw, 111). The main disadvantages for cultural development of the country were certainly the constant inside and outside conflicts, Turkey had to go through; it is evident that formation of the unique culture and language was a rather sophisticated task under such circumstances. On the other hand, there is hardly any other country with such a rich and versatile culture like Turkey, in fact we could call the contemporary Turkish culture the connecting link between the past and the present traditions, between West and East. Besides the growth of economy in Turkey, which started from the year 2002 continues till the moment, average from 2002 till 2006 it made 7.5 % and another 6.1 from 2006 till 2007. There are certainly some problems connected with fall of exchange rate and account deficit. In order to continue the economical growth of the country implementation of reforms, especially concerning fiscal policy is needed. As it was already said, Turkey already started negotiations about joining EU, thus the sectors of banking, telecommunication and retail are concentrated on enlarging foreign investments.

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This is a free research paper on Turkey topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Turkey for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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American Popular Culture Research Paper

I completely agree that popular culture is not a slideshow. Popular culture adopts to the existing realities in which people live and serves those realities. The change in popular culture is affected by numerous social, economic, political and other factors, which, joined together, form the conscience of the society at large. Of course, popular culture is often artificially imposed; nevertheless, it cannot be compared to the ‘slideshow’. The times America went through during the Second World War and couple of decades after war illustrate how popular culture adopted to the existing realities of the contemporary life in the United States.

Along with the explosion of countless bombs and artillery shells, popular culture burst on the landscape of World War Two. Consumer products and entertainment, pleasure and diversion - particularly for the millions of young Americans who became soldiers - were introduced to large numbers of civilians. Chewing gum and candy bars, the jokes of Bob Hope and the music of Glenn Miller were such military exports. Like the simply drawn figure with nose and fingers appearing over a wall, with the caption “Kilroy was here,” popular culture became widely familiar, if not commonplace. (Edgerton, 2001)

 

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As warfare expanded to new dimensions, so did the manufacture and distribution of military equipment. What was later called “globalization” - worldwide marketing, primarily of commodities, by multinational corporations - was first battle-tested. The most significant (if unintended) effects of the war effort on postwar popular culture were aspects of this spread of things. (Lowenthal, 1996) The two chief ones were spatial: proximity and mobility, an exceptional distribution of goods and services reaching most war fronts, and reaching them quickly, a phenomenon that would only increase after the war to become the vast commodification of our own age.

War material both amazed people in America and littered their places of residence. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had none of this in mind when he referred to the United States as the “arsenal of democracy.” (Seabrook, 2000) Nor could he imagine that the country was becoming the proto-supermarket to the world. If any proof were needed of this “avalanche of stuff coming at you,” to go back to Gehry’s statement, it was easily and amply provided by Coca-Cola. (Seabrook, 2000) Considered a refreshing means to boost morale, Coca-Cola followed the troops wherever they went.

By war’s end some 64 Coke plants had been constructed around the world and five billion bottles of the beverage had been consumed. (Seabrook, 2000)

By the end of the war American cigarettes, appearing in packages of five in the field C-rations of American soldiers, were serving as surrogate currency in Germany. As for “durable goods,” the omnipresent product then was strictly military: the Jeep.

(Edgerton, 2001) Both the most affectionately treated and the most versatile of war weapons, the Jeep raced across the North African desert, bounced along jungle trails in New Guinea and plunged ahead in heavy snow during the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium in December 1944. The Jeep was just about everywhere, the 586,489 produced during the war assuring that it was indeed commonplace, equally so because it was clearly an all-terrain vehicle, an SUV before its time. (Lowenthal, 1996) When produced after the war, it continued to be popular among American youth as the first sport utility vehicle.

The Jeep also suggested a further democratization of the technology that had made the automobile the conveyance of large numbers of people. The Jeep was driven by both corporal and colonel, a new equality of military position. And when the high-ranking officer was not at the wheel, he was at the side of the driver. Everyone drove a Jeep, and no one of consequence sat in the back seat. And then there was military clothing. So much of it was produced that it became a postwar commodity featured in the army and navy surplus stores that flourished in the United States. Surplus khaki clothing, the summer wear of fighting men, became popular casual wear of the 1950s.

Clothing companies now also produced it, as it joined the blue blazer in the new style of “casual smart.” (Edgerton, 2001) Popular figures like the movie star James Dean and the author Jack Kerouac were seen in khakis.

The Civil rights movement, which many historians state started in the 1960’s, actually started to evolve slowly after the war was over. With this change in the American conscience, popular culture changed to adopt as well. The major production shift in the 1960’s was the obvious one: consumer goods replaced military equipment, reversing the earlier shift to military equipment from consumer goods. World War Two, if viewed as a commodity enterprise, a matter of statistical advantages, was able to assure mass destruction because of effective systems of mass distribution. (Lowenthal, 1996)

Little more than a year after MacArthur’s declaration, millions of American servicemen had also returned, but to the United States. By then the conversion of swords into plowshares was moving forward at great speed. The austerity of war gave way to the new abundance of peace. Automobiles were quickly weighed down with chrome (in some instances 45 lb of it) and their bodywork alluded to features of the aircraft that the automobile manufacturers had turned out during the war. In the first decade after the war, automobiles sported rear fins and hood ornaments (“bonnet mascots” in British usage) suggestive of fighter planes. (Boorstin, 1992) Buick even provided a chrome-plated variant of a bomb sight as a hood ornament, and named its new model Le Sabre after the F-86 Sabre jet fighter - with the French article inserted, one can guess, to suggest interior comforts a fighter plane never had.

Plastic, a new and soon a major product of the chemical industry, began as the wartime substitute for battle-consumed metal. When the Civil Rights Movement became an essential part of America, plastic was widely used in kitchenware, in furniture and in textile fibers, and made its dramatic appearance as a major automobile material in the first plastic body sitting on the frame of the 1964 Chevrolet Corvette. (Seabrook, 2000) Easily produced, easily shaped and very versatile, plastic became the new building material of the age, as vinyl covered floors and outside walls and became the characteristic material of the first generation of McDonald’s restaurants.

Through its “baby boomer” children of war veterans at home and through its servicemen serving as occupation troops abroad, the United States introduced new attitudes and practices easily grouped under the phrase “casual living.” (Seabrook, 2000) Clothing distinctions, so long the visual demarcation between rich and poor, gave way; and youth dress, formerly little more than a derivative of adult fashion, emerged as the new and profitable fashion line.

The two obvious items that expressed youthful rebelliousness against formality during the Civil Rights Movement era were T-shirts and jeans. Both quickly won acceptance, because they were worn by the young. One other element completes the current global fashion in clothing: the baseball cap. During World War Two, this headgear moved from the ball park to the Pacific naval theater of operations where it appeared as part of the on-ship wear of naval officers. With deliberate irony about twenty years later the anti-war movement adopted the neo-military look as casual fashion. (Boorstin, 1992) The hippies, youngsters who happily disengaged from the work-ethic society, laid back, as the term goes, in communes of simple self-sufficiency. Their counter-culture attire, mismatched and misplaced, consisted of army uniforms: jackets, overcoats with military regalia left sewn on.

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This is a free research paper on American Popular Culture topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on American Popular Culture for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Risk Assessment Research Proposal

Toxic Hazard and Risk Assessment Research Proposal

Introduction

Basically, the development of human society was accompanied by the implementation of new technologies and materials which were used to facilitate the life and work of people. At the same time, as technologies used in agriculture and industry grew more and more complicated, the threat of hazards related to human activities and materials used by people in the industrial and agricultural production increased dramatically. Nowadays, it is even possible to speak about the great threat human activities and, especially the use of hazardous chemical materials, expose to nature and to human life and health as well. What is meant here is the fact that people do not only facilitate their life but they also consciously expose themselves to the risk of dangerous hazards caused by human activities and, in this regard, chemical materials are particularly dangerous because their effects on human health are particularly dangerous.

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In this respect, the use of such materials as ammonia is particularly dangerous because this material is extremely dangerous but, at the same time, it is widely spread in agricultural and industrial production. This is why even such areas as the IUB one may be potentially exposed to the threat of chemical hazards, including those involving ammonia. Consequently, the prevention of such a threat should be one of the primary concerns of the local authorities and specialists working with such chemical materials, which are very dangerous for environment and human health.

The threat of ammonia hazard

As the matter of fact, ammonia is widely used in the modern industries and agriculture. At the same time, the use of ammonia in both industry and agriculture in Indiana as well as in any other part of the US is inevitably accompanied by the serious risk of ammonia gas emission and its consequences. It should be pointed out that ammonia is a really dangerous chemical material due to its flammability and, what is even important, its impact on human health is extremely destructive if the share of ammonia gas in the air consistently exceeds the natural norm. Potentially, the emission of ammonia gas may be cause explosions if its concentration is high and some source of fire is available or any other material which can provoke inflammation comes into contact with ammonia. As for human health proper, ammonia produces an extremely destructive impact on the respiratory system and can lead to the death of an individual exposed to the inhalation of ammonia gas. This is why the threat of ammonia to human health is obvious.

However, the situation is deteriorated by the fact that ammonia is widely spread and even though IUB, for instance, can hardly be named the center of industrial or agricultural production but still any accidents that can occur in the neighboring area may affect IUB as well because ammonia gas may move on quite a long distance on the condition that there is a wind that flows in the particular direction, i.e. in the direction of the IUB area threatening to the health of people that are there at the moment of the hazard.

Consumer exposure and vulnerability factors

In general, the threat of chemical hazards involving ammonia seem to be rather hypothetical in the case of IUB but, it is necessary to remember about the fact that ammonia gas emission can cover substantial territories in a case of the serious accident that occur on some plant or in the area of storage of ammonia. In such a situation, the distance from the area of accident to the IUB area may be not very effective barrier on the way of the ammonia gas spread to IUB and local population.

Naturally, it is necessary to admit the fact that people which are in the epicenter of an accident involving ammonia will suffer more injuries, for instance, employee of a farm or plant where ammonia is used (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d000901-d001000/d000994/d000994.html). Nevertheless, in the situation, when people living or working in the IUB area are uninformed about the approaching cloud of ammonia gas which is formed in the result of some accident the effects may be really disastrous because ammonia gas may really lead to lethal outcome in the result of the poisoning of human body. Obviously, if people fail to protect themselves from such a threat they will naturally be exposed to serious injuries or even the risk of getting killed by this poisonous chemical material.

Risk assessment of the threat

In such a situation, the risk assessment of the threat of ammonia hazards and the effective emergency management are of a paramount importance. In fact, it should be said that risk assessment may play the key role in the prevention of hazards involving ammonia because the condition of storage of ammonia are extremely important in the prevention of accidents while the use of the material in accordance with the existing standards makes the risk of a hazard minimal. This is why nowadays there is a variety of legislative acts that regulate the use and storage of ammonia that can be very helpful in the prevention of potential catastrophes (http://www.eea-inc.com/rrdb/DGRegProject/Ammonia.html).

In this respect, it is obvious that in order to make the existing norms and standards defined in legislative acts work effectively in relation to the storage and use of ammonia it is necessary to assess the areas where ammonia hazards can occur. This means that it is necessary to carefully research the environment and neighboring territories around IUB to identify the potential sources of ammonia threat. As soon as they are identified it is necessary to establish control over the use and storage of ammonia. At the same time, it is also necessary to inform people about the potential threat of ammonia since in a case of an explosion it may injure and kill many people while the gas emission of ammonia may cause even larger harm poisoning a larger number of people because it will affect not only those people who were working in a farm or plant where the emission occurs but also those who are in the area where the gas can move, including IUB.

Obviously, in such a situation, people should be immediately informed about the threat and they need to know what they should do in order to avoid the harmful impact of ammonia on their health. In this respect, the existing system of notification in IUB can be really effective (http://www.iub.edu/~uconnect/news/award.shtml) since if people are located in the safe areas where ammonia gas cannot penetrate than the threat is minimal or reduced substantially.

However, for the more prevention of the negative effects of ammonia on human health it is necessary to inform people by means of educational programs, for instance, about its impact on humans and ways of protection against this threat. In addition, it is necessary to provide the local population not only with safe areas but also with respiratory systems that could protect them from the negative impact of ammonia gas.

Conclusion

Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that the threat of ammonia hazards is quite probable due to the wide spread of this dangerous material in agriculture and industry. Nevertheless, the effective system of notification and availability of safe areas and respiratory systems can minimize the negative impact of ammonia gas on the health of people in the IUB area. At the same time, the prevention of hazards involving ammonia should be the primary concern of the local authorities and emergency services.

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This is a free research proposal on Risk Assessment topic. Keep in mind that all free research proposal samples and examples of research paper proposals are taken from open sources – they are totally plagiarized! If you need a quality custom research proposal on Risk Assessment for your college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research proposal writing company to have your paper written online by academic research proposal writers.
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PhD Research Proposal Writing Guide

Every student who applies for writing a PhD research paper has to prepare a good research proposal. When you choose a topic you have to start researching it at once in order to know something about it and to be able to write a proposal.

Choosing a topic you are expected to be interested in it and to have great intentions to deepen your knowledge in this sphere and to present something new into the discipline. In order to be permitted to write a research paper, you have to attract your teacher’s or supervisor’s attention with the help of a good PhD research proposal which presents your ideas and predictions concerning the future research. If you want to impress your supervisor and win the permission to research the chosen topic, there are professional PhD research proposal writing guidelines which will be useful for every student.

PhD Research Proposal Writing Tips:

1. First of all make the title page and include your name, the name of the supervisor, department and educational institution. Write the title of the project under research and prepare a good abstract including the brief outline of your future work, its problems, questions, methods, predicted results. After that write a plan of the research project and present the data which will be analyzed, questions and subtopics. Share with the literary sources which can be used for writing your proposal and the supervisor will have the opinion that you have planed the whole writing process scrupulously and know how to achieve the predicted results.
2. Now include the methodology section which will describe the way how you will investigate the topic ans its subtopics. The more methods you use the better chances you have to complete a successful research proposal, because teachers and supervisors are mostly interested in the methodology - you abilities to analyze things in different ways.
3. Now write about the ways of data collection. How you are planning to find enough material which will be useful for the research and help you achieve the predicted results. Write the aim of the research, predict the results and say how they influence the discipline. Write what you want to achieve and what tools you need for the research and analysis. Present how many sections your research paper will contain and what questions will be discussed. Remember about the logical organization of the paper if you do not want to miss some important point.
4. Finally, write the amount of time required for the research and prepare a good bibliography with the literary sources valuable for the research. Remember to organize the bibliography and the whole research proposal according to the required formats and standards of your educational institution.

With EffectivePapers.com research proposal writers you will get a high-quality custom research proposal paper on any topic and discipline.

Computer Technology Research Paper

Motherboard Developments 

Introduction 

The current level of the development of technologies is extremely high. In fact, modern technologies have provided ample opportunities to achieve results people could have never even dreamed about. In this respect, the development of IT, computers and hardware was particularly important since it contributed consistently to the development of new technologies. It is necessary to underline that such a development resulted in the wide spread of PCs which entered practically all households and are really an essential element of the modern life, which facilitate the life of people considerably. At the same time, it should be said that the development of motherboards was one of the most significant factors that provided the rapid development of computing and hardware industry making modern PCs more compact and effective. On the other hand, the development of motherboards actually reflects the development of computer industry at large. In such a situation, it is really important to trace the development of motherboards in order to reveal the major trends in the motherboards market at the moment.

 

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The development of motherboards in the late 1970s – early 1980s
Speaking about the development of motherboards, it is necessary to underline that it is one of the basic and essential elements of modern computers. In fact, it is hardly possible to believe that in the past computers did not have motherboard in its modern form. At any rate, in the early stages of the development of PCs, in 1970s, computers were built in a case or mainframe where all the elements constituting a computer were connected. The connection was made by means of backplane, which consisted of a set of slots. The slots were connected between themselves by means of wires. In such a way, the predecessors of the modern motherboard were quite complicated and inconvenient to mass production. Moreover, the reliability of such a system was relatively low, but, what was probably more important, this system could not meet the growing demands the progressing computers should meet.

It was obvious that mainframes consisting of the set of slots connected by wires could not be effective enough as the new devices, which grew more and more sophisticated, could be installed on PCs. As a result, the need to change and improve the mainframes was obvious. In this respect, it should be said that the implementation of microprocessors was probably the major factor that determined the emergence of motherboards since it was more cost effective to place the backplane connectors, processor, and glue logic onto a single board, a motherboard (Chien, 1992, 38). The use of motherboard made computers much more effective and their production cost saving. At the same time, the use of mother board did not limit functions or potential of computers, instead, it enlarged them consistently. For instance, with the invention of the motherboards and their first implementation in computers, there was a possibility to combine the use of the motherboard and “child” boards, so-called daughterboards, with video, memory and I/O functions (Chien, 1992, p.102).

It is worthy of mention that the leading computer producers, such as IBM and Apple argue concerning their leadership in the invention of the motherboard. In this respect, the latter has a better position in this argument since it was Apple, which created Apple II in 1977, the computer that featured a motherboard with eight extension slots (Golding, 1981, p.105). On the other hand, IBM argues that it was this company that initiated the development of the motherboard industry. To put it more precisely, in 1981, this company created 5150 Personal Computer which was based on a motherboard (Moritz, 1996, p.95). This is why the company estimates that it was IBM that started the implementation of motehrboards.

However, the company that started the production is not so significant compared to the perspectives motherboards opened for the computer industry. At the same time, the late 1970s – early 1980s were just the dawn of the motherboard industry since it was a new hardware used in computers and specialists should continue to work on this hardware in order to find the most effective implementation to motherboards.

The development of motherboards in the late 1980s – 1990s 
The late 1980s – 1990s became the period of the rapid progress and development of the motherboard industry. In fact, during this period of time motherboards had evolved from the first models developed by IBM and Apple to motherboards which may be viewed as the basis of the contemporary motherboards. On analyzing the development of motherboards in the late 1980s – 1990s, it is necessary to underline that one of the major trends in this epoch was the shift to the increase of peripheral functions on motherboards. This means that due to such a shift, the producers of motherboards, mainly IBM and Apple, attempted to increase the number of functions that could be fulfilled with the help of motherboards. In fact, it was obvious that multi-functionality of computers based on the more effective of motherboards could be a determinant factor in gaining the advantageous position in the market. On the other hand, it should be said that such a trend in the development of motherboards was stimulated not only by purely economic factors, but also by the further progress of computer technologies, which actually created ample opportunities to develop peripheral functions on motherboards and, therefore, increase functionality and effectiveness of computers at large.

It is worthy of mention that by the late 1980s motherboards had already included single ICs capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals, such as keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. The further development of motherboards naturally increased the capabilities of motherboards.

The major trends in the development of motherboards market 
Basically, the current trends in the development of motherboards market are, to a significant extent, defined by the history of the development of motherboards. To put it more precisely, historically, IBM and Apple were the major competitors in the production and implementation of new motherboards. As a result, these two companies are viewed as the leaders of the motherboard industry. However, it is worthy of mention that in recent years other companies attempt to enter this industry and gain their share of the market. Basically, these companies are situated in Eastern-Asia and operated in countries where the level of the development of science and technologies provide opportunities for the wide implementation of innovation in the process of manufacturing of motherboards.

Nevertheless, it is necessary to underline that the position of Apple and, especially, IBM are extremely important in the development of the motherboard market since it these two companies that are the major computer producers and, therefore, major consumers of motherboards.

Conclusion 
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that the development of motherboards was extremely important for the development of the computer industry at large. On the one hand, the development of motherboard was determined by the economic factors since producers of computers attempted to make the process of production more cost effective and the use of motherboards proved to be very effective in this regard. On the other hand, the technological development also stimulated the development of motherboards independently from the impact of economic factors. In such a way, the development of motherboards may be viewed as a natural response of the industry on demands of the epoch. Finally, it should be said that the motherboard industry has made a considerable progress since the late 1970s when the first motherboard was created.

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This is a free research paper on Computer Technology topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Computer Technology for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Research Proposal on Smoking

It has already been claimed everywhere for millions of times that smoking is harmful for individual’s health. It not only can lead to lung cancer and lesson one’ s life, but also during the life period it slows down processes of metabolism and deteriorate nearly all essential human organs.

A person gets used to smoking and becomes an addict that is even worse as he stops to be thinking individual. Person loses his own power of will and becomes unable to make decisions by his own. His smoking habit becomes uncontrollable and smoking becomes the leading power of his life.
 

We can write a custom research proposal on Smoking for You!

  

There are a lot of points of view upon smoking question, but what bothers me the most- is smoking in public places. Passive smoking is defined by scientists as being even more harmful than active one. Passive smokers in general cannot be protected from this influence and there should be commonly introduced regulations on the state level in order to protect non-smokers’ rights and freedoms.

There are a lot restaurants, clubs, enterprises and companies where people can choose which area to be in- smoking or non-smoking. But in general, when a person leaves his house, where only he decides what to do and how to behave and what air to breathe, he is no longer protected from the harmful influence.

Having smoked for about five years and after quitting this habit for about three year, I have classified people’s attitudes towards smoking in public places into four categories. First category are people who are violent enemies of smoking, they do not smoke, never smoked and claim that will never put a cigarette into their mouth. One of the brightest representatives was professor of oncology who thoroughly studied all smoking consequences for health. He was strongly contra all types of smoking- passive and active and of course contra smoking in public places. The second category can be called democratic one. It refers to people who equally understand both sides, but still do not smoke. As to the representatives, one of them was a Chief Executive Officer of one large financial consulting group, who had equipped special rooms –smoking areas, which were accordingly conditioned and totally separated from non-smoking personnel. He is a friend of my father and I have always admired his clear and calm mind and behavior. He was not smoking by himself, as he was practicing yoga and he didn’t need that, but he still cared of his smoking colleagues and subordinates not judging them and just trying to understand and allow them to do what they want to. He always said that each person is responsible for himself only and for his own choice, and that is why it is no sense to forbid smoking in the company.

The third category was absolutely indifferent to this matter. They didn’t care for smoking or not smoking, doing this on public or not. They were just interested in themselves and not in their surrounding. As an example I would like to write about my aunt who cared only of her appearance, TV shows and her favorite dog. When I asked her why she smokes and why she can’t understand that it is harmful for her appearance, beauty and health, she used to answer me that it is no sense in dying healthy and she can handle her beauty with cosmetics help and surgeon interference. She also always insisted on the fact that live is too short to restrict yourself and there is no sense in this, and that is why she will always do what she likes and if it would correspond to her inner beliefs and would be her true desire, it will never do any harm to her.

The forth category was very much interested in ecological matters of smoking. They usually were occupied with the diminishing ozone volume, global ecological problems and problems of lack of fresh air for all living beings on the world. Examples of this category were my friends from the university with ecology major, who decided to make what bothered them a lot the work of all their lives.

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This is a free research proposal on Smoking topic. Keep in mind that all free research proposal samples and examples of research paper proposals are taken from open sources – they are totally plagiarized! If you need a quality custom research proposal on Smoking for your college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research proposal writing company to have your paper written online by academic research proposal writers.
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How to Write a Master's Research Proposal

How to Write a Good Master's Research Proposal

When you plan to prepare a research paper, bare in mind that you have to write a good research proposal at first. Writing a Master’s research proposal is a delicate process which demands strict organization and responsibility. It is quite obvious that a Master's research proposal should be more complicated than the research proposals of the previous years. The standards are higher, so you have to take more efforts to achieve positive results and win the permission to write a research paper. Sometimes students have difficulties with proposal writing, so there are high-quality Master’s research proposal writing tips which will be useful for every young professional.

Master's Research Proposal Writing Guidelines:

1. First of all think about a good topic for the research. It is important to choose a narrow topic, because it will be easier for you to research it and on the other hand, general topics which present vast amounts of information on various areas are often rejected by the teachers. Then, create a good title for your research proposal. Remember that it should be as short as possible but illustrate the idea of the whole research proposal, the problem under research and its urgency. Write a few words about the value of your research, what has been investigated by different scholars before and what new ideas you are going to present.
    
2. Now write about the methods and techniques which will help you conduct your research and achieve the predicted goals. Teachers are always interested in methodology, so devote enough time for this section to make it look perfect. Using a great number of techniques and methods, you demonstrate your knowledge and professional skills of a young scholar. Write the outline and the timetable to show your future research process. When the teacher sees that you have planed the whole process demonstrating every stage and step in detail, your proposal will likely be approved.
    
3. Write a list of literary sources, equipment and facilities which will help you make a research. The more facilities you use, the better chances you have, but bare in mind that the research itself will be more complicated. Remember to divide your Master’s research proposal into categories to make it look nice and logical.
    
4. Try to meet with your supervisor any time you have serious questions or problems. Every university has its own standards and requirements, so you should consult with your supervisor to make sure you are on the right way. Make sure you prepare your proposal according to the required formats, whether you have organized it properly. When you have completed your proposal, try to proofread it scrupulously to avoid any mistakes which can spoil the general view of your paper. 

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