IMF Research Paper

Historical background of IMF

After the American Great Depression of 1930s, in the 1944 at a United Nations conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United, States the IMF was conceived. The purpose of it was to develop a framework for economic cooperation to avoid the duplication of parents that caused the Great Depression. But the actual establishment was a little bit later, in the year 1945 on December 27. At that day another organization also started its work - it was International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The purpose for establishment of these organizations was to oversee stability in the international monetary affairs, to promote an international monetary cooperation, to facilitate and develop the world trade, and what has become the major purpose of IMF, to lend money to member countries that cannot make loan payments. Now IMF has 184 member countries. Since the establishment of IMF its purpose stayed unchanged but its operations have been developed to arrange its abilities for changing needs of member countries. These operations are the following: surveillance (maintaining a policy dialog with the members), financial assistance (providing credits and loans to member countries which have balance-of-payment problems), technical assistance (helping member countries to strengthen their human and institutional capacity by offering technical assistance and training, plus designing and implementing effective macroeconomic and structural policies).
 

Basic policies/procedures of the IMF in order to grant funds to other countries
There are special stipulated conditions or member country which wants to receive the financial assistance from IMF. First of all the member country should agree to implement changes in its fiscal and monetary policies that IMF experts suggested. The conditions usually involve detailed changes in national policies. After the country agrees through the “letter of intense” the INF distributes funds in phases to ensure that the country is moving in the right direction and all reforms are implemented correctly. (CSIC 2002) Each phase has a specific evaluation process that corresponds to the conditionality in the IMF. The first conditionality is a performance criteria. This criteria consists of two parts: quantitative and structural. A quantitative performance criterion refers to the quantitative targets that agree with key macroeconomic variables that are expected to be reached during the member’s program. A structural performance criterion refers to the structural measures that are very important to the success of the program and that should be implemented in the progress. This condition often involves legislative reforms in the country. In order to receive the financial assistance the country has to demonstrate that the appropriate performance criteria have been met. It can also happen that performance criteria won’t be met and that payments will be interrupted. In this case Executive Board decides whether to continue the program. If non-observance will be minor and essentially self correcting the payment normally will be granted. On the other hand, the member will be prepared to take additional measures to bring the program back on track. The next condition for receiving funds is a program review by Executive Board in which the Board evaluates the implementation of the program more generally. This review normally involves the examination of observance of the conditions that were specified in the arrangement. Until the evaluation is completed, the member can’t make any purchases, and the Broad will complete the review only then when it will be satisfied with the results and will see that the program is on track. Then there is a third important feature of conditionality. It is called the prior action. During the prior action the Board decides whether to release further purchases. In this phase it may ask a member to take special structural measures without which the further financing is impossible. Prior actions are relied on the points where the performance of the member wasn’t good and where the Fund doubts the member’s bond to its program. If the necessary measures were made and the Board is sure in the good implementation of the problem then the country continues to receive the financial assistance. If not, then the board grants waiver for non-observance of the program. (Leckow, 2005)
 

IMF also grants assistance through several lending programs. Stand-by arrangements are granted over 12 to 18 months for specific amounts to deal with short term problems. The Extended Funds Facility deals with the member-countries who have “structural” economic problems which have historical context. To receive this assistance the country must agree on strong conditions which IMF attaches to this facility. The loan is usually given for 3-4 year terms. The Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility programs are granted to the poor countries with a low interest rate. There is also the Supplement Reverse Facility is given during crises for a short term, but it also discourages too much borrowings by adding a surcharge. Contingent Credit Lines are also granted during crises but only for those who can be spread from one country to another. And the last type is Emergency Assistance with is granted to the countries that have military conflicts of other unexpected disasters. If the member-country wants to take a loan the IMF will decide which program is more appropriate. For each program there are special policies, conditions and procedures that the country will have to follow to receive a grant. (CSIC 2002)                       
 

Historical background of Asian Financial Crisis

The economy of Asian region, which include Korea, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia for many years, was considered a miracle. The average growth rate in these countries was really big since 1970, Indonesia- 6.9%, Korea- 8.4% annually. But in the middle of 1997s the region entered economic crises. Because of inability to defend the currency, the Bank of Thailand allowed the baht to float. The recession that has been already obvious by the year 1998 was the deepest since World War 2. In Indonesia GDP declined by 13.7%, in Thailand – by 9.4%, in Malaysia – by 6.7%, and in Korea – by 5.8%. First of all crises hurt the financial system of the region, then the economical. (Berg 1999) The country became very risky for foreign investors and they started to pull money out of the region, which led to even worth consequences and faster decline. Economists believe that the crises happened because of the hard competition with Mainland China. Since 1990s, after implementing a number of export-oriented reforms, China started to effectively compete with Asian exports. China also became the more favorable country for western importers because it had a depreciated domestic currency, which made their products and labor force cheaper. In the Asian region, on the contrary, the currency of Thailand and Indonesia was closely tied to dollar, which was at that time appreciated. Therefore the situation for Asia was unfavorable. It has a strong competitor, which offered better conditions for customers and good quality of the products. In addition the Asian region had big current account deficit, which led to big external borrowings and made the country risky. (CSI 2000) According to the IMF causes, which led to the crises, were the following: macroeconomic weaknesses, domestic financial vulnerabilities, external vulnerability, and changes in the external environment. Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand were the countries that suffered the most because of the crises. The Asian Financial Crises affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices not only Asian countries but of many others. Japan, for example, suffered a big decline in GDP and in the 1998 sank into recession. Because big part of Japanese export went into Asia (40%), after the crises country suffered from bankruptcies. But not only bad consequences can be outlined. For example Asian governments have understood that the expansion of investment and trade was a basic element for economic recovery. The financial crises should also speed up the reforms in the financial sector. The crises revealed many weaknesses of the financial system in the region, which now are hardly analyzed. Governments make necessary changes to prevent the crises in the future, which will make the region less risky and give a hope for the faster recovery.
 

Policy response of IMF                    

In such critical situation when the country floated its currency and in the same way suffered from big capital outflow, it was the hardest part for IMF to decide what policies should be adjusted. The decision was to provide a region with official external finance, to make a fundamental systemic reform, and to adjust monetary and fiscal policies.  The purpose of the external finance was to take up shock of the blow of the rapid capitals. As the weaknesses of financial and corporate sectors were the main problems that caused the crises, the fundamental systematic reforms in the financial sector were a necessity. In different countries the different measures took place. In Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia the heart of the program were the closure of an insolvent banks, recapitalization of financial system, the close supervision of weak institutions and increase in potential for foreign participation in domestic financial system. The result was that banks became stronger or in Indonesia they moved from weak institutions to the currency for foreign exchange. IMF also implemented such policies which were intended to establish a clear mechanism by which the authorities could inject recourses to take over, manage and sell the bad assets of the banking system. And finally, the last component to strengthen the financial system in the region has been a composition of reforms to provide the basis for the strong performance in the future. There were also other policies that were intended to set a new direction to the economy. As for the macroeconomic policies, we can divide them in two parts, monetary and fiscal. They are intended to decrease inflation and to make the region less risky, to stable its economy. Generally, IMF responded quickly to the crises. First of all it provided assistance for the countries that were most affected by the crises (Indonesia, Thailand, and Korea) and arranged programs that are described above. IMF provided a financial support of total about $118.3 bill and enhanced consultations with the countries in the region as well as with those who also suffered from the crises.
 

The results of IMF policies/procedures

The IMF reached several positive results in the Asian region due to its program. The exchange rates of the countries in the region have strengthened from their lows and now ensure more stability to these economies. Although in Indonesia the currency still stayed deeply depreciated, it too has recovered significantly. Korea and Thailand have made a significant progress in the macroeconomic stabilization, their interest rates apparently declined and the currency pressure have eased. The current account position changed from debit to surplus and equity price rose significantly. So generally we see that the situation in Asian countries stabilized. The governments already started to allocate part of the budgets for social programs and to care not only about the macro economical situation. But there are also opinions, which stay that IMF didn’t help to resolve the problem but even worsen a situation. It is argued that IMF had made three key mistakes. The first one is that it imposed excessively contractionary monetary and fiscal policies. Then it encouraged unnecessary changes in the economic structure of countries that suffered from the crises. The changes were really radical and lead to political instability. The criticism on the general operations of IMF is that it wants to remove every weakness in the economy of afflicted country all at once. And the last mistake was that IMF undermined the confidence of global lenders in their financial stability. While the currencies in the region were under speculative prices, IMF ordered to removal of price control, which lead to the increase in prices on food and fuel, causing the malnutrition and suffering of people. Although IMF admitted that the financial crises became even worth it didn’t scale back its operations. (Keith 2005)
 

Role of IMF toward Asian Financial Crises                     
The basic role that the IMF played in the resolving of this crisis was a financial assistance and the inflow of money in the economy of afflicted countries. When foreign investors started to draw money back the situation in the region became worsen. IMF financial assistance helped to support the economies of the region and to stabilize them. The technical and assistance and consultation made the process of recovery to be faster and more efficient. IMF’s specialists lead the process of recovery and assisted the countries with the point of view of macroeconomic science, which made the recovery not very painful. By helping to stabilize the financial system in the Asian region the IMF helped to ensure safety and less risks to the foreign investors who then started to invest their money again in the economies of afflicted countries. IMF also pointed out the mistakes that were made and how they can be prevented in order to avoid such crisis again. The development of program for the future periods for the Asian region countries can ensure the stable and long tern positive development in the region that make the country stable.
 

Other aspects and concerns 

By analyzing the work of the IMF we could conclude that several improvements still should be made. Some policies, for example monetary and fiscal, are not always appropriate and lead not always to good consequences. For some countries the conditions that should be applied and the changes that should be made in the economy are to radical and require long period of time. As we read the critics of the IMF it is seen that the changes that IMF suggests to implement are not always rational and can cause bad results. But still the conditions to receive the grant are quite strict and could be changed in order not to make a big pressure on the country that is in need. In future the Fund conditionality will probably be focused only on areas within the Fund’s core mandate such as monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate policies, or a design of social safety net and privatization.
    

Nevertheless, there are still a lot of countries that need the help of IMF and its financial and technical assistance. The consultations that IMF provides are also very important so this international organization is a real need in the global economical system.    

At UsefulResearchPapers.com website you can find more popular and interesting research papers and research proposals on different topics.     
   

Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper

Ethnic Makeup of High School and Common Health Concerns

Diabetes (or diabetes mellitus) is a serious medical disorder that is characterized by changing and elevated blood sugar levels in people, especially after food intakes. There are several types of diabetes, which still possess similar symptoms and complications.

   

The type II diabetes is the type that is characterized by insulin resistance, i.e. inability of human body cells to respond properly whenever insulin is present or input in the body. This type of diabetes is more serious than the diabetes type I, because there is still natural insulin produced in humans, primarily in early years of disease. Still one should be aware that diabetes type II can still cause renal failure and coronary artery disease.

It appears that Mexican American children in our high school have the most overweight problems especially if they come from the low income families. For instance, children aged 14-17 years, 24% of Hispanic children are overweight, which is much higher than 20% of Black children or 12% of white children. Such figures are apparently different from the figures applicable to non-Spanish students and therefore raises red flags for school nurses.

   

The information about the overweight Mexican children is very useful, since obesity in the childhood often means obesity, heart problems, diabetes, hypertension and other problems in adulthood. One needs to understand the existing health conditions in school in order to get a better snapshot of the causes that influence the health of the Mexican American throughout their lives. It should be noted that the as a doctor or a nurse, one should be aware of the negative sides of obesity which is widely present in Mexican American children, since, it appears that a great majority of parents fail to realize that their children are overweight and thus are open to diabetes.

This information is vital for a health care practitioner/doctor/nurse to know when communication with children and families. The families should be advised to consume more fruits/vegetables/fiber supplements (no French fries) and less of junk food if children are to become healthy.

It appears that the majority of the overweight Mexican American Children wanted to lose weight by playing sports and eating healthy food. This information is also very useful for the healthcare practitioners when communicating with the Mexican American families and children. As one can understand the children already experience problems with excessive weight, which is mocked by the US mass media that stresses the importance of thinness. The families should be encouraged to support their children’s initiatives to play sports and buy healthy foods, rather than to follow the Mexican traditions that state being overweight is healthy.

Ultimately the role of a school nurse is to do the following two things:

1. Speak with the students. The nurse should advise students on a special diet that would supply organism with health nutrients, vitamins, minerals and fibers and keep Spanish students healthy. The students should be advised to engage in various sports and physical activity, which evidently reduces conditions applicable to diabetes.

2. Speak with the parents. The nurse should advise the parents to provide their children with healthy food at homes and control their consumption of junk food.

3. Speak with the school authorities. The nurse has the power to recommend the menu available in school food service. Thus, she/he should advise the school authorities to provide more healthy food in school cantinas and remove junk food offerings for the Spanish students eat healthy.

Research Proposal on Finance

Free Research Proposal on Finance

Students who study business or management at college and university and want to prepare a well-organized research paper on finance have to complete a successful research proposal at first which can attract the attention of the professor. Only a well-structured research proposal can be a ticket to the writing of the great research paper, so students look for the effective way out and read free examples of research proposals raising their knowledge about paper writing of this kind.

Human life has been always connected with money and profit, so finance can be called the power which makes the world go round. Nearly every sphere of human life can not exist without finance now. Science, education, medicine, everything exists due to finance.

We can write a custom research proposal on Finance for You!

  

Every branch of human activity is financed by the government of the country and when it is poorly financed – there are big problems, crisis, depression and complete stagnation. If you research the topic deeper, you will realize that finance has its advantages and disadvantages and you have to concentrate on both. In comparison with ancient times the existence was far more easy, because people did not depend on money. Everybody worked for himself and made goods for himself, but today the situation has changed cardinally. On one hand, it has become easy to live, because you can buy everything you need without taking efforts; on the other hand, it is a tragedy that everything depends on money and is controlled by it. So, the topic is really interesting, true to life and important for everybody.

A successful research proposal on finance should present the idea of the problem you want to investigate.

Try to convince the professor that your topic is worth attention, so provide reliable data which supports your ideas. Writing a research proposal on finance management be accurate to present effective ways of management, include rich methodology to impress the professor. Then, if you have not chosen a topic for the research yet, concentrate on the finance in different countries. For example, conduct investigation and present a research proposal on finance in Pakistan, describing the financial situation there (the country has an enormous difference between the extremely poor people who exist in shabby houses made of paper close to very rich people who live in great luxurious villas. Here the negative side of finance can be observed).

If you wish to write a logical well-structure proposal, read trustworthy literary sources on the topic and pay special attention to the samples of research proposals on finance in the Internet. It will raise your chances to prepare a well-analyzed, properly organized interesting and convincing paper which can award you with the right to write a great research paper on the chosen topic.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research proposal on Finance topic. Keep in mind that all free research proposal samples and examples of research paper proposals are taken from open sources – they are totally plagiarized! If you need a quality custom research proposal on Finance for your college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research proposal writing company to have your paper written online by academic research proposal writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________Enjoy our custom research proposal writing service!________________

Research Proposal on Child Abuse

Free Research Proposal on Child Abuse

If you plan to develop a detailed research paper which illustrates the topic of child abuse, you have to complete a successful research proposal on this topic at first to make the professor interested in your choice. If you manage to convince him that the problem is worth investigation, you will be allowed to conduct research.

Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to write a proposal on such a topic, that is why students apply for extra help in the Internet, where free examples of research proposals on child abuse can be found.

We can write a custom research proposal on Child Abuse for You!

  

Child abuse is a very big problem nowadays. The fact of the existence of child abuse has been known for centuries but nothing has been done to solve this problem. Children have been always treated violently, but the degree of this violence ranged according to the countries and social circles. Till the beginning of the XX th century child abuse has been a common thing in nearly every family and very often it has been one of the basic ways of the child’s bringing up. Today the situation has improved to a certain extend, but still it exists and needs effective wise solutions. Children become the target of abuse, because they are weak, have no rights and no one believes them. If a child is different, his class mates would surely mock at him and very often hit or beat him. It goes without saying that such treatment effects a child badly. The child is always alone, because have no friend's support, he suffers from the lack of confidence, has low self esteem. So, if you mention all these aspects and brainstorm a few new ones, you will manage to create a successful interesting research proposal about child abuse.

A successful research proposal on child abuse presents the essential aspects of the problem you are planning to investigate. That is why investigate the topic in detail including its history, social background, its influence on the society and the mind of a child. The climax of the proposal should be presented in the form of the methods which are useful enough to defeat this problem and help a child cope with the difficulthy of this situation.

If you wish to complete a high-quality proposal on child abuse, you have to study the topic from all sides to make it really interesting and useful, because if the research is poor and presents the problem only from one side, the professor will not see the purpose of such a writing. So, read as much literary sources as possible to improve your knowledge of the topic and it will be useful to take advantage of free samples of research proposals on child abuse to realize how to organize the paper of this kind properly.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research proposal on Child Abuse topic. Keep in mind that all free research proposal samples and examples of research paper proposals are taken from open sources – they are totally plagiarized! If you need a quality custom research proposal on Child Abuse for your college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research proposal writing company to have your paper written online by academic research proposal writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________Enjoy our custom research proposal writing service!________________

Bullying Research Proposal

Research Proposal on Bullying

When students decide to prepare a well-analyzed research paper about bullying, they have to write a good research proposal on the topic at first, which is supposed to attract the professor’s attention to the importance of this problem. If you wish to complete a perfect example of a research proposal on bullying, you have to raise your knowledge of the topic and convince the reader the problem is really urgent, painful and needs solution.

Bullying at school is a wide spread problem and children from all over the world suffer from it. At least one student at every class of every school is treated violently. He is ignored, humiliated, kicked and treated like a second rate material. Very often older students abuse the younger ones to show they are stronger, more experienced and cleverer and very often teachers and parents do not notice that their children are always nervous, hate school, do not have friends.

We can write a custom research proposal on Bullying for You!

  

Bullying can be expressed in various ways: in the classroom, in the Internet. Today there are many cases when a child is abused in the web in the social networks and suffers because of it greatly. Bullying in the Internet often spread to the bullying in the real world. Students see their classmate being abused in the web and they continue humiliating him at school. Psychologists have proved that bullying influences child’s nerves and minds seriously, as they lose confidence, joy of life, self esteem.

A well-structured logical bullying research proposal should illustrate the life of the abused children and convince the readers that the existence of this problem ruins a child and the whole society, because such children who have low self esteem think they are worse and do not become successful in future; then, it often leads to criminal and other negative actions. That is why the aim of the research is to show the topic from all sides and present some methods which can defeat this problem.

In order to brainstorm wise solutions one has to know much about bullying. So, pay enough time to find reliable data about the topic, like books, articles, observations of various scholars who analyzed and studied the problem earlier. It will be quite useful to watch several movies connected with the problem, which has become quite popular in cinematography. It will be a success if you manage to interview a child who has experienced bullying on his own skin and make your research more effective and valuable.

When you improve your knowledge, you will be able to analyze the topic critically and offer effective solution to the problem of bullying. Finally, present some methods which will help the abused children cope with their fears and have a normal life.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research proposal on Bullying topic. Keep in mind that all free research proposal samples and examples of research paper proposals are taken from open sources – they are totally plagiarized! If you need a quality custom research proposal on Bullying for your college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research proposal writing company to have your paper written online by academic research proposal writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________Enjoy our custom research proposal writing service!________________

Research Paper on Autism

Free Research Paper on Autism

Writing a research paper on autism is quite a complicated job, because it is not easy to describe the disease, its background, symptoms, factors it is caused by and what is more important – the life of people who have this mental disease.

Autism is a serious disease which makes the life of people very different. They do not realize that they are not like the ordinary people and live in their own inner world. This problem is very urgent nowadays, because more and more people are born with autism from year to year. Scientists, psychologists worry about this tendency and conduct serious research, investigations of this disease trying to find cure for it.

We can write a custom research paper on Autism for You!

If you hope to write a good research paper on autism, you should learn about the root of the problem, realize how it is caused, understand the way of thinking of such people, their style of life, methods of treatment and the life of their relatives who have to suffer from this problem no less than the patients themselves. Writing a research paper about autism you are expected to study the topic from all sides, learn the stages of the disease and understand the methods of its possible treatment. Most scholars are sure that it can not be cured, nevertheless, continue research and experiments on this problem.

Before writing research paper on autism, get to know as much as possible about the disease in the professional literature. Read encyclopedias, scientific articles, works or famous scholars on the problem. If you know much about the topic, it will be easier for you to organize the writing process and set the key and the purpose of the research. If you want to make your research more interesting, broaden it with the examples from fiction and films. It is possible to find good films on autism which show the life of ill people and their relations with the surrounding world. Evidently, to learn the problem from the first sight, it is required to visit psychologists who work on such cases. It will be useful to understand the problem perfectly. It will be an advantage, if you manage to visit ill people yourself and see the problem with your own eyes.

Research paper on autism is not a simple description of the disease, but a presentation of your professional skills and knowledge, so first of all you are expected to present some trustworthy methods of treatment for autism. Taking into account the results of your investigation, say what you think about the lifestyle of these people and how their relatives can reduce the consequences of the disease; write what methods can be useful for treatment and why – this will make the research informative and worthy.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research paper on Autism topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Autism for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
________________Enjoy our custom research paper writing service!__________________

Human Resource Management Research Proposal

Free Research Proposal on HRM

Immediate and underlying problems and issues, which The Mountain Lodge Resort faced.

While managing The Mountain Lodge Resorts Hudson brothers faced a row of problem. There were some of them concerning HR matters. Small problems and failures play a role of the signal for upcoming risks. Problems, which Hudson brothers faced, have the reasons underneath. The underlying problem is the employees’ voluntary turnover and as a result impossibility of creation of learning and development environment to improve quality of the service. Here in the essay we will try to identify the immediate problems and difficulties, reasons underlying and possible solutions to be undertaken.

Let’s examine the case and see, what kinds of difficulties arise in The Mountain Lodge Resort management. We can see that the number of employees varies considerably depending on the season of the year. This means, that the resort cannot provide employees with the stable, constant work place for the whole year. At the same time should be considered, that most of the seasonal employees need to find own involvement during the rest of the year. If while searching they find job for the whole year – most likely they will not come back to the resort for the next season.

We can write a custom research proposal on HRM for You!

  

As it was stated in the case, 40 % did not come back and the quantity of such employees can raise up.  Employees’ matters are made more complicated by resignation of two important specialists – local manager and the head chef. For these senior staff there were no suitable conditions for gaining experience. We can suppose that in the management there is a lack of usage of such human resources tools, as employee learning, development and career planning (De Cieri & Kramar, 2003). This would correspond with one of the points, that interest of the employee have to meet with the interest of the organization and its’ strategy and goals (Cohen, 2001). Among problems and difficulties there could also be noticed the lack of the organizational culture and shared values. Another problem is low qualified personnel and weak educational environment. We can see voluntary turnover, which is initiated by employees. Since the main driving force of the voluntary turnover is job dissatisfaction (De Cieri & Kramar, 2003), appropriate management measures should be applied. There are several possible reasons for the job dissatisfaction, which different authors outline. Job dissatisfaction in our concrete case could appear because of the personal disposition, tasks and roles, supervisors and co-workers (Peterson, 2004). Dissatisfaction could also appear when employees consider their job as only a job rather than developing enthusiasm and pride of ownership, employees often don’t see clearly objectives and goals of the organization (Chapman & Prior, 2007), what the priorities are and what they should be doing (Boyan, 1984). 

From these possible problems arise variants of solutions. Possibly there would be higher performance of the employees with changes made in selection process (Highfield, 2009).

First of all, work-flow analysis should be conducted more carefully and motivational job design approach should be used because it would lead towards higher job satisfaction, higher motivation, greater job involvement, higher job performance, lower absenteeism (De Cieri & Kramar, 2003).

One of the workable solutions would be development of the organizational culture and shared values – to find meeting points between interests of employees and organizational strategy, to reach acceptance of the organizational strategy by employees (Jones, 2004). This would definitely make an impact on turnover and behavior of employees (it would help to avoid coming to work place in poor physical state as well).

At the same time a strategy of the company should be made and introduced not only among senior staff. While creation of the clear strategy link towards human recourses management should be kept (Miles & Snow, 1978). Because human resources – is the tool for enabling the resort to reach the goal and objectives. 

Not all employees are motivated well enough. The desire of atmosphere of fun is not always the most effective motive for providing a high quality service. There are a lot of theories of motivation, a lot of research was made. Behavioral scientists, psychologists, and business people, have searched to understand what makes people do what they do (Young, 2009). This would be on of the responsibilities of the human resources specialist hired for the next season.

Organizations are constantly looking at different ways by which they can “motivate” employees, improve workforce morale and create better work environments. Sometimes there could be more use from effective award system.

The key problem for Hudson brothers was the growth of complaints from the clients concerning the human resources matters and service provided. In general the reason underlies in unqualified specialists. In this case there are two ways of solution – to advance selection criteria or to provide training and development of the staff (Jones, 2004). The last one cannot be effective in the condition of fast employee turnover. If employees are not within the company for a long time it leads towards useless education, which flows away from the company (Peterson, 2004).

This means, again, that the key solution to the problem is to create more settled team of employees, who can improve on the position and have a certain career perspective to return each season.

Hudson brothers should be willing to implement internal growth strategy, to make a higher quality service not to loose the clients and to gain more of them they need train their employees and to work closer with the criteria selection (Spector, 1997). 

Generalizing what was stated above we can mention the row of problems and their linkage between each other. The undesired result, which Hudson brothers faced – was that the profits were down by about 15% on last season and there were more complaints from the customers concerning staff. The underlying problem in this situation is ineffectiveness of such HR tool, as learning environment and training, which is necessary for making the services’ quality higher (Jones, 2004). It is a chain problem, because it is not reasonable to provide education for the employees, who are not going to work for the resort for much more time. Another way out could be changes in criteria selection, but one fact should be considered wisely: it is only season time, when there is enough of work for everyone, rest of the time, people should find their involvement by themselves. Perhaps, as an option should be considered possibility of expansion and provision workplaces during the whole year for the employees. This would make it easier to create a team and organizational culture in row with shared values.      

What sort of HR approaches do you think need to be taken to ensure ongoing strategic competitive advantage?
In the case with Hudson brothers we identified the list of problems. In order to solve them, appropriate human resources management and strategy approaches should be applied. We will discuss next, what actions should be undertaken and which approach is more effective.
One of the human resources management approaches considers organization as a prime point – human beings should not be seen as a resource rather employee development is the responsibility of the employer (Fisher & Dowling, 1999). Over the years, emerged a modified partly humanistic and partly business oriented approach. According to it development of people is the most important asset for improving performance of the organization. In this respect the emphasis shifted to developing roles, role relationships, appraisal systems, training, job design. The idea was that human resources management is important for the growth of the organization and is a good investment for the future.

In the frames of the human resources management there are several conventional approaches to reach strategic advantage among similar business organizations. In general, in order to be competitive and overcome competitors organization have to reach state of balance and linkage between three of the components: organization’s mission and values; basic strategy set; functional strategies and behavior of the organization (Miles & Snow, 1978). According to one of the classifications of the strategies Hudson brothers’ situation is now close to unstable and could easily become risky. That means that at this point more important to pay attention towards the internal growth strategy, which makes the main accent on development inside of the business, improving the service (product) which is already provided by the certain business organization. Coming closer to the problems described above we can suppose some solutions and strategy approaches.

The main problem underlying is voluntary employee turnover (which means that the leave is initiated by the worker). Voluntary turnover mostly appears for the reason of dissatisfaction of employees. Reasons of dissatisfaction could be different, but at the case we learned we can see there are several reasons: employees do not feel themselves as the part of the company and team and do not consider (or even do not know) goals and objectives of the company as those, which they personally willing to reach, don’t develop themselves (lack of training and career counseling and growth) do not see the perspective (Jones, 2004). From certain point it might be a way to search for new employees, but new people hired also depress the productivity of existing employees. For instance, existing employees have to build relationships with new people; they have to support the informal orientation that continues after hiring. Also new people would not be familiar with the job to good and would definitely need time to adapt and to get to know all details at the new job position. Sometimes these new employees would need additional training. Therefore, it is more effective to make an accent on retention of the employees already working at the resort.

First of all during the selection process, people should be tested and interviewed in order the job position and the personal qualities of the employee suit each other. Job position analysis should be made beforehand and a row of skills, knowledge and personal qualities should be dragged out in order to find out what kind of employee is in search (Foxman & Polsky, 1991). Successful and accurate job design is one of the key points for most effective and efficient use of labor, job position, employee’s skills and knowledge, etc (Davis, 1967). 

One of the most obvious tactics to avoid described above problems involve compensation and benefits, but since any organization can offer these items, they have relatively low return on investment. Considering psychological factor we will see, that money – is not the prime motivator, which influences people. According to the Maslow’s theory of needs, it is not even the direct need.

Economics today try to make retention a competitive advantage (Koslowsky, Krausz, 2002).  There are some new approaches. In the case with the resort most effective would be to make life easy: help people with errands by providing access to services on-site or near-site: day care, car wash, banking, dry cleaning, health club and convenience market. Another option could be to form a joint effort with your business neighbors (Mamede, 2009). This would help to keep personnel while out of season.

Organizational culture needs more attention. It would help employees to obtain shared values and see own role in the goals and objectives more clearly. Also it would help to build one team out of a number of employees. Sometimes social events for the personnel might be a good idea. This is a human nature: they don’t like to be inside of cold and unfriendly atmosphere. It would help to give positive emotions for people from their work and it would increase satisfaction from work.

Good professionals need new and more significant challenges and responsibilities, and they want to know that their achievements matter. It is important to build such atmosphere of recognition and feeling own preferable status in the organization as well, as in the community (Lieberman, 2004). For employees to be interested in work it is almost mandatory to give them kind of a challenge, and clarity of the tasks. But on the row with clarity it is necessary to show that this is just a starting point of their career (Highfield, 2009). Cases, when some employee’s while showing a high performance would be switched to a higher position inside of the organization could play a significant role (Seltzer & Sammartino, 2009). That is the reason for need to develop career counseling inside of the resort. At the line with the organizational goals and objective person has to see own goals and interests.     

For making services’ quality higher it is the best way to measure employees’ performance, to get the feedback from them, to analyze, what are the reasons of weakness and what solutions could be defined and implemented.

Generally, we can see, there were stated main problems and some suppositions of its solutions and approaches in solving the central problems. Most of the suppositions are part of the humanistic approach of the human resources management. By giving person opportunity to develop him\herself we give them also an opportunity to develop, at the same time, the whole organization.
__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research proposal on HRM topic. Keep in mind that all free research proposal samples and examples of research paper proposals are taken from open sources – they are totally plagiarized! If you need a quality custom research proposal on HRM for your college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research proposal writing company to have your paper written online by academic research proposal writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________Enjoy our custom research proposal writing service!________________

Criminal Justice System Research Paper

Research Paper on Criminal Justice System

Terrorism and Homeland Defense from the Perspective of the Criminal Justice System

Introduction

Criminal justice, terrorism, and homeland defense are issues that affect every country at many different levels. Politicians, law enforcement agents, governments and citizens are all stakeholders that are affected by these phenomena. Although there are many common principles of engagement amongst different countries and their governments in regards to these matters, the criminal justice system of a respective country has its own structure, rules and procedures. In this paper, reviewed is the United States of America’s criminal justice system and its implications on the matters associated with terrorism and homeland security.

The United States criminal justice system has recently been growingly glorified in countless eye-popping dramas such as ‘Criminal Minds’ and ‘CSI: Crime Scene Investigation’, spread over a variety of American television networks. However, it is also majorly misrepresented seeing as in its truest form, it is one of the most complex and intricate systems ever created. Because of this, this report merely discusses one function of the criminal justice system. The report profiles the activity of The Department of Homeland Security and its interdependent faculties in the fight against terrorism. The length of this article allows for only a brief overview of the major acts, bodies and functions and how they interact with the three-step process of the criminal justice system. In order to provide a clear understanding of this process, the author presents an overview of the US Criminal Justice System and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), before highlighting the collection and responsibilities DHS law enforcement agencies. The literature goes on to include a profile of The USA Patriot Act, the National Security Division, the federal court system, and the issues surrounding the corrections of terrorists.

We can write a custom research paper on Criminal Justice System for You!

An Overview of the US Criminal Justice System

The US president’s commission defined the purpose of the US criminal justice system is to “enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community” (President’s Commission, 1967). Designed to uphold social order through sanctions and prevention, this system holds itself up on three pillars: law enforcement, adjudication, and corrections. This three-step model is the basis for execution and enforcement of all legal rules and regulations. Each of these agencies plays a specific role. The law enforcement body is responsible for the first contact with a criminal, in which an investigation may lead to an arrest. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an exemplar of a leading law enforcement agency in the US. Courts are responsible for settling disputes and administering justice. The process involves a judge, a prosecutor and a defense attorney, among other individuals. In the last step, correctional authorities administer punishment if necessary, for example, in the form of prison, exile or execution (Andreas & Price, 2003). The following profile of The US Department of Homeland Security and US anti-terrorism initiatives and laws should be taken in context of the aforementioned elements of the US criminal justice system.

The Department of Homeland Security

In response to the attacks of September 11th, the US federal government launched an initiative on the 25th of November 2002 called The US Department of Homeland Security. The goal of this department is to respond to domestic emergencies such as terrorism. Peter Andreas is a border theorist who, in his journal entitled Redrawing the Line calls the Department of Homeland Security “the most significant government reorganization since the cold war” as well as “the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Act of 1947” (Andreas, 2003). The following federal agencies all communicate directly with the secretary and deputy secretary of the DHS: Transportation Security Administration, US Customs and Border Protection, US Citizenship and Immigration Services, US Secret Service, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the US Coast Guard. However, there are even more bodies such as the National Cyber Security Center, Domestic Nuclear Detection office, as well as other advisory groups who are also in direct communication with the office of the secretary.

DHS Law Enforcement

Many of the aforementioned agencies service the DHS by providing law enforcement activities. CBP was mentioned in a list of agencies working under the umbrella of the DHS. In order to understand how the DHS operates from a criminal justice perspective, one can learn from a detailed breakdown of the responsibilities of different figures in CBP. For example, both CBP Officer and Border Patrol Agent (OBP) serve as a unit of law enforcement that contributes to the fight against terrorism. Border Patrol Agents aim to prevent entry of terrorists and terrorist weapons through activities such as “line watch”, which involves surveillance from a stealthy covert positioning, decoding and following tracks, and the operation of electronic sensor television systems. Some other forms of law enforcement within the DHS includes the Federal Protective Service, which provides security for federal buildings, assets and properties, and the aforementioned US Secret Service, which provides protective services for US currency and important government officials( Thessin, 2003).

Surprisingly, the government passed the bill so that law enforcement agencies, FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were not incorporated in the bill. This was received with a lot of controversy and criticism. However, soon thereafter the DHS and the US Department of Justice created fusion centers, which are terrorist prevention centers used to assist interaction and information sharing between the local government, state government, CIA, FBI, Department of Justice, and the US Military. The application of fusion centers can help law enforcement and adjudicating officers work as a team for a more swift and streamlined process, through which suspected terrorists are brought to trial without delay.

The USA Patriot Act

Enduring reauthorization twice in two years, the USA Patriot Act continues to play a major role in the USA’s fight against terrorism. The first time was in 2005 when Congress reauthorized provisions found in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. The notable changes included new requirements relating to the death penalty for terrorists, enhancing security at seaports, and new powers for the Secret Service. The USA Patriot Act consists of ten titles that summarize the aim of its fruition. They are as follows; Enhancing domestic security against terrorism, Surveillance procedures, Anti-money laundering to prevent terrorism, Border security, Victims of families and victims of terrorism, Terrorism criminal law, Improved intelligence, and Miscellanous (Yeh & Doyle, 2005). The USA Patriot Act received a lot of criticism for being rushed in a time of panic and widespread fear. In February of 2010, president Barack Obama extended three controversial provisions of the Patriot Act allowing courts to approve wiretaps/ surveillance of phones, to seize records and property in terrorist cases, and permit surveillance of lone-wolf terrorists.

National Security Division

The US Department of Justice, National Security Division was created along with the finalization of the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization in 2005. The main purpose of this department is to combine national security and intelligence labors of the Criminal Division as well as the Office of Intelligence Policy and Review. Initiatives such as the CounterTerrorism Section, Counterespionage Section, and most notably, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act were formed into one cohesive division.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978 has gone through recent amendments, particularly the Terrorist Surveillance Act and National Security Act of 2006 These acts respectively grant the President statutory authority to conduct electronic observation of suspected terrorists and retroactive amnesty for surveillance conducted without a warrant, furthering the autonomous structure of FISA. The Protect America Act of 2007 instated deregulations regarding the approval of wiretapping and surveillance of terrorist suspects involved in communications with foreign countries.

The Federal Court System

The federal court system is made up of the Supreme Court, the US courts of appeals, US district courts as well as courts with original and appellate jurisdiction over specific subject matter. The US Congress creates federal courts to be limited in their jurisdiction or to have complete independency from the Congress. However, Congress does not hold power over the Supreme Court. Different constitutional and legislative courts within the federal court system usually handle cases of terrorism (Wheeler & Harrison, 1994) .

In 1996, the Alien Terrorist Removal Court members were selected following the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 signed by Bill Clinton, incited by the Oklahoma City bombing (Moore & Turner, 2005). The court was modeled after a court created by Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and was given the authority to determine whether someone should be removed from the US on the basis of being an alien terrorist. The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia is accountable for appealing decisions made in this regard. The DC Circuit is one of the most important appellate courts as it reviews many decisions made by independent US government agencies. The decisions of these courts will determine the measures necessary for correction and guide the correctional authorities in the correctional facilitation of the prosecuted persons.

Correcting Terrorism

One of the most controversial areas of criminal justice associated with terrorism is method of corrections. This is a job for correctional administrators, politicians, and law enforcement among many others. The responsibility of corrections in regards to terrorists is immense. It is at times difficult to know what to do with a terrorist once captured, especially when considering the many cases of terrorist inmates recruiting other inmates while in prison. Many questions arise in these matters, such as should the terrorist prison population be separated from the rest of the population? The regimes for terrorists in prison often aim to de-radicalize and disengage both the individual and the group (Sturgeon, 2005).

Once a terrorist is captured and convicted, the response of the counter-terrorist organization will often range from necessary to immoral. Depending on who is asked, different moral standards and opinions indicate different measures. In some cases, further interrogation is administered, in others immediate imprisonment or deportation. In recent cases, such as the Greyhound bus beheading, the public opinion has gone as far as to say that capital punishment is appropriate. US operations have been heavily criticized for their treatment of detainees held captive in Iraq. This type of criticism can be directly attributed to the The Protect America Act of 2007, which amended rules regarding surveillance of terrorist suspects. There have been many terrorist cases in the past that can be highlighted as a means of understanding correctional action. In the case of the Capture of Achille Lauro hijackers in 1985, the US military turned 4 hijackers to Italy, where the terrorists were convicted. Other situations call for more extreme measures such as targeted killing, commonly used by US forces against terrorist groups such as Al-Queda and Hamas. Often times, the orders for these killings are issued by the President (Shane, 2010).

Conclusion

It is evident that the government of the United States has ongoing concerns about the security of the country. It is also evident that there are a lot of measures which have been taken to ensure the security of the American people. The criminal justice system has been effective in law enforcement and ajudication through appropriately appointed officials. However, there are a lot of unanswered questions with regards to corrections. Although there has been much legislative change and reform in regards to homeland security and terrorism, there is still a lack of understanding of how to deal with terrorists as human beings. Those who educate, study, regulate and serve the field of criminal justice must continue to pursue the psychological understanding of terrorist groups and the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for their actions.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research paper on Criminal Justice topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Criminal Justice System for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
________________Enjoy our custom research paper writing service!__________________

Research Paper on Medicine and Ethics

Analyzing the Environment of the Marriage between Medicine and Ethics

Abstract

The following article raises awareness regarding ethics in the field of medicine. The article highlights issues and institutions that may contribute to the changes of ethical behavior among physicians, patients, health care professionals, and other stakeholders of different forms of health care. The main issue discussed includes the evolving nature of a patient-doctor relationship, starting with paternalism. Applications of theory include of the involvement of the pharmaceutical industry, the role of technology, and special circumstances such as sports medicine.

Introduction

Ethics is a subject that has been aged like fine wine, discussed and disagreed upon by many. Therefore it is unavoidable that the coupling of ethics with a field as important as medicine is bound to create friction among many. The topics surrounding ethics in medicine face a lot of contradicting theories that have been debated and will continue to be debated for a long time. A clinical ethics study released in 2001, but conducted ten years prior, correctly predicted many factors to change in the proceeding ten year period, including ethical challenges posed by advanced in biotechnology. The concern was manifested by the recent controversies concerning issues such as stem cells and the Human Genome Project. 

We can write a custom research paper on Medicine or Ethics for You!

The result is an increasing involvement and greater activity of journals such as the American Journal of Bioethics, BMC Medical Ethics, and the Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare ethics. This has caused maturation and a raised awareness of the importance of ethics in the medical field. It is due to a collaborative effort of those exploring challenges through narrative ethics, feminist theory, and clinical ethics, which we will speak about in detail throughout this research paper.

There are many distinctions in these theories associated with these schools of thought. The root of the problem according to clinical ethics, whether the topic being argued is about fitness, abortion, euthanasia, or pharmaceutical products, lies within the patient- doctor relationship. This relationship, due to major changes in societal values as well as many internal and external influential factors, should be examined as precept to determining what classifies as ethical practice and communication of medicine.

Dr Richard Friedenberg reiterates Dr Mark Stiegel’s 1998 article entitled “The future of the doctor patient relationship”, reminding readers that throughout the years, the patient-doctor relationship has passed through three primary phases; the age of paternalism, the age of autonomy, and the age of bureaucracy (the age of the payor).1 The move from one age to the other changed the way people viewed and interacted with the healthcare industry. When it came to making health related decisions, the decision-making process used to rely heavily on the expertise of the physician. More recently, it became heavily dependant on the choices of the patient and the patient’s family, and it is becoming more and more centered on health care corporations such as insurance companies and pharmaceuticals.  As health care not so slowly but surely turns to managed care, the focus shifts from patient-orientation to cost-efficiency orientation. Health care and its associated products are being treated as a scarce resource. Phrases such as managed care, marginal benefits, the futility standard, and end of life decisions spring to mind when considering the issues that should be examined to any health professional trying to determine how to provide the best quality care for each patient.

Paternalism, Autonomy, and Bureaucracy

As mentioned before, medical practice has seen a dramatic change in the communication of its publics, benefactors, and stakeholders. It has become a standardized process that focuses on norms and general acceptance. However, the decision is now split up into many deciding factors that blur the ethics of the situation. Nevertheless, one of the longest argued and prevalent forms of patient doctor relationships we find today is that of one which is paternalistic.

This is the type of relationship gives authority and power to a physician, while setting the patient down into a more dependent role. Many believe this to be the safest and most beneficial power structure for the medical field as the professional is often much more advanced in the knowledge of the subject at hand. This can be especially true for the severely injured, minors, and the mentally ill.

From an ethical standpoint, it makes sense to allow the medical professional to decide health related decisions. However, moral dilemmas are not necessarily the expertise of a physician, and this may cause some friction. For instance, a secular physician may not value the same things as a religious patient, and vice versa.

This is why in the past 50 years; we have seen autonomy takeover paternalism quite aggressively. The idea of self-determination has been used to reject paternalism in western bioethics, giving patients stronger rights such as informed consent. 6 Often times, it is hard  to determine whether the patient is acting out of relational identity with his or her family, or whether it is undue pressure that is causing them to decide differently. Although there are negative connotations with a patient’s autonomy in regards to the medical paternalistic approach, Dr. Ho, the Associate PhD argues family intervention should usually be considered a positive contribution to a patient’s health decisions, barring neglect and abuse.

Dr Mark Stiegler 1 explains that the present age of bureaucracy has demonstrated an unwillingness to include individualism in managed care. It is defined by the cost of care, rather than quality of care, a wish of both patient and doctor, which loses priority as the involvement of external stakeholders, administrators, and bureaucrats. He defines five factors that can obstruct the autonomy of both patient and physician.

There are (5) five ways in which patient and physician’s autonomy are limited and can directly be linked to and referenced as resulting factors of managed care. In the past, patient’s and their physicians tried to maximize even a 1% chance of success. (1) Futility standards can affect (2) end of life decisions, via insurer imposing standards such as greater than 15% chance of success; otherwise the case is deemed futile. As an ethical maxim, the health care system is taking a universal/ collectivistic approach while traditional beliefs state that health care require an individualistic approach. A perfect example of this is the discrepancies in the view of  (3) quality of life standards. If a patient is currently living in a situation that the insurer deems as a low quality of life situation, the insurer may not cover treatment. The concept of (4) social utility causes third party intervention in regards to dying patients and valuable resources, which limits the patients and the doctor’s decision-making rights. (5) Practice Guidelines and clinical paths further standardize health practice and limit the rights of individual patients and physicians.

Medical Students and Doctors Via Pharmaceutical Industry

When patients weigh in the influences that accompany health related decision, they may take into account their own knowledge, the advice of their family and close friends, and of course the recommendations of their physician. However, it can be assumed that not every patient is aware of how many outside forces may be influencing the decision making of the physician. A standard practice for pharmaceutical companies is to shower doctors with gifts, lucrative job opportunities, and most effectively, free drug samples which are then passed on to the patient, 89.1% of the time merely because they are available. Under 63% of the respondents claimed to distribute due to a “knowledge of the efficacy of the product”.

However, this statistic comes rather surprising seeing as the pharmaceutical industry is responsible for over 60% of America’s medical education. Pharmaceutical companies have given out scholarships and grants, meanwhile the term healthcare PR is becoming synonymous with medical education in general. 5 In the past decades, it has become a common practice for pharmaceutical groups, and even tobacco companies to pay academic writers and journals, such as “Journal of the American Medical Association upwards of $300,000 to write favourable literature in order to promote their products. As the goal of every for profit corporation is to provide stakeholders with positive returns, whereas the goal of a physician and a clinic is to provide the best quality care for a patient, a conflict of interest may arise. This is where the ethical dilemma gains even more importance.

The Role of Technology

Advances in technology have transformed the way doctors practice and patients communicate. Biotechnological advances have recently created opportunities that were never thought to be possible before. However, the high price tag on much of the new technology makes it virtually impossible to the average patient. Electronic medical records are replacing physical records and are allowing patients greater flexibility. Whereas in times prior, physical records meant that it was hard for patients to acquire a valid second opinion, giving more power and responsibility to the regular family physician that is familiar with the patient. Due to the recent advances in information and communication technologies such as practice management systems, autonomy gains more power.

On the other hand, patients are still vulnerable to the organized usage and manipulation of private information that is now wired to many sources at once. In order to qualify, patients often have no choice but to surrender the rights to their private information to those in and out of the Health industry. There is hope that there is a possibility of establishing electronic medical records without a problem, should the health industry follow the model of the military and the banks. 8 The ethical proportions here are tremendous and they can be qualified as simultaneously positive and negative contributions to the argument in favour of a more paternalistic patient-doctor relationship. Should patients begin to doubt the system, a shift back towards paternalism should manifest. Should the public gain trust in the system, they would feel free to choose their providers more selectively and they would not require nor appreciate the same support. As of now, the general consensus is that electonic medical records may present a more secure alternative to traditional paper records.

Ethics in Sports Medicine

Although it is a general consensus that the health of the patient is the primary responsibility of a physician, there are some situations that are not so clear, in which paternalism can be detrimental in this regard. Let us assume a team physician for a professional sports team. The rules are a little different and physician must make that clear to the patient, as the patient must trust him. Some would say trust should not be in the hands of organizations who’s primary concern and responsibility in an organization is to meet fiduciary duty to their stockholders.

The physician’s primary goal is to improve performance and prevent patient injury. These are goals through which a completely different set of norms apply, such as those associated with confidentiality, patient autonomy, third parties, advertising, and innovative technology. 7 In this case, innovative technology refers to experimental high-end treatments that a team physician may be inclined to over-credit. Here we can clearly foresee how there is a possibility of undue pressure for the athlete coming from multiple sources. These issues, along with others such as drugs and confidentiality are all ethically and legally outstanding but not unusual circumstances, which would not be served well by a paternalistic approach alone.

Conclusion

Although paternalism is a model of health care that served a long time effectively, the idea that this is currently the only realistic and effective model of the doctor patient relationship is challengeable proclamation. There is a clear intervention of both the autonomous and bureaucratic trends, and their effect is strong. As the medical process becomes more streamlined, and influenced by biotechnology, communications technology and privately owned corporations in the professional and educational field, it may create the need for more autonomy among both physicians and patients. All forms of communication have their weaknesses and strengths. Ethical considerations must always be made on so many levels, whether it’s the patients’ privacy or their ability to live or die according to their own values. Although there are certainly situations where paternalism can prove to be utmost effective, such as life or death situations, it is not always necessarily the right decision for every patient. Outside factors such as careers, family and finances are inevitable and unavoidable. The best form of communication for patients is to surround them selves with trustworthy people who will assist them to make an informed decision every step of the way, whether it is a physician, friend, family member or even themselves.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research paper on Medicine and Ethics topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Medicine or Ethics for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
________________Enjoy our custom research paper writing service!__________________

Research Paper on Globalization

Sample Research Paper on Globalization

Introduction

Many opinions have been expressed recently about the term of globalization, although one cannot consider it exactly a contemporary phenomenon. First of all, globalization is described as the trend of global exchange in all aspects and spheres of human life and referred to the ideology of interdependence between nations, countries, and continents (Brown 2008: 44). The concept unifies the dependence of domestic markets and currencies on foreign trade, and the improving role of the global corporations (Landefeld, Kozlow 2003: 111).

The profile of the firm affected by the globalization is the following: a company uses global sourcing to produce some type of goods or services, overcome political and legal barriers in each country for the reason of opening an office or a store and employ local population, maintain worldwide distribution, and adapt packaging, advertising, and point-of-sales materials for each geographical region. In addition, it may also face scandals and conflicts on a local level, which can later affect the global image of the company.

Here one may see that in order to analyze the impact of governments and supranational organizations on a business, macro environment should be taken into consideration. Macro environment includes the list of factors, which can categorize the perspectives of cooperation between the official bodies and the global corporations. Oxford University Press (2007) identifies the LoNGPESTEL analyzing tool, the derivative from the PESTEL framework, as the one that helps firms to make decisions in the global environment. This model can be useful in analyzing six main categories of factors which matter on local, national, and global levels and propose suggestions about the ways how governments and other supranationals can help the firms that are affected by globalization. These factors include political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. 

We can write a custom research paper on Globalization for You!

Categorization of assistance for the firms
Political Sphere
Membership in international organizations
As an example of political support for the firms, one can mention the creation of international unions and organization of different profiles such as World Trade Organization (WTO), European Union (EU), United Nations Organization (UN) and many others. These supranational organizations are supposed to serve firms by investing in their research and development activity, broadening of their distribution networks, simplifying and reducing taxes and tariffs in the issues of international trade. The role of the government is ensuring the acceptance to certain international organizations, which comprise the highest political and economic interest for the country and namely the global firms within its borders. It is an important step toward the development of already operating global businesses in the country and, in most cases, the guaranteed access for the emerging firms to the international markets. 

Image and ideology
According to Mayda, O’Rourke, Sinnot (2007: 9-10), ideology of the nation plays a significant role in shaping an attitude towards other nations, their principles of life and work. Political issues between the countries may become the obstacles in trade relationships. One of the functions of the government is creation of a positive image of the country in the international arena, which helps to attract foreign investors, promote tourism, and, what is more important for the domestic companies going international, - conduct exporting activity. The image that the country possesses may be easily projected on each firm established in that country and will either help or block successful trade with other countries.    

Economic Sphere
Trade barriers versus free trade
The openness of the markets, outsourcing and global sourcing are the determining factors of the contemporary globalization for that economic growth tends to the countries with rapidly emerging economies. Brutto (2010: 513) points out that nowadays the economic growth in different countries is not fairly distributed, that’s why the developed countries design the policies that are aimed at establishing trade barriers and filtering the imported goods. The reasons for this are usually the slow internal growth, high rate of unemployment within those countries, and the abundance of cheaper alternatives of products manufactured in the less developed countries. Such isolation policies do not benefit the development of free trade making globalization efforts less effective. Besides, it leads to the trend of economic nationalism, which can be considered as negative for the global economics.
Under the firms affected by globalization one can understand the companies, which conduct exporting and importing activity. Based on the aforementioned, governments can help companies affected by globalization by encouraging import and export. With the well-established trade activity, the exchange of goods can be easier allowing for quicker turnover, better utilization of manufacturing facilities, shorter production terms, wider distribution, and larger demand for the products. As a result, it will stimulate the creation of new jobs, lower the prices, and make the competition in the industry more challenging. Besides, free trade is the basis for global sourcing, a strategy of searching for partners and contractors around the world gaining a possibility to offer the best products and services for the most affordable prices.
  
Governments in different countries specify customs rules and norms for the imported goods. They include establishing tariffs and duties based on the specifications and characteristics of products, as well as other types of requirements necessary for certain categories of products. That’s why one the most effective solutions in benefiting global corporations lies in adjusting and reducing taxes and tariffs on import. This is mostly possible within the trade organizations like WTO and and under GATT, which were established with the primary idea to alleviate the duties on export and import.
  
Countertrade
Another solution that may help the firms to benefit is countertrade – a form of agreement helping to develop commercial cooperation between two nations on the basis of import activity. Such type of agreements are usually maintained on a governmental level for that they usually takes into consideration the currency conversion rates, foreign trade policies and other type of regulations promoted by governments. An offset, the most popular form of a countertrade, allows importing to a foreign country with a condition that the components will be fractionally taken from or even produced in the importing country. On the one hand, such type of agreements may reduce the involvement of the manufacturing company because less materials, components and work force is required from the producer, but on the other hand, it helps to expand globally, enter new large markets, and increase distribution and revenues associated with it.

However, countertrade can be based on another concept – barter, for example. In this type of agreement, two nations are involved in the exchange of goods produced domestically avoiding money as the means of exchange. The government can help its domestic producer by distributing the goods to another country obtaining other type of commodity for the equal amount of money in return. Being far-from-ideal method of bargaining, barter is usually applied in the period of unstable economic situations and helps both the government and the producer to benefit.

Export guarantees
Export guarantees can also be considered a means of helping firms working on a global basis. By issuing the long terms loans for the businesses, the government can support the national companies involved in international activities and overseas projects. The principle of such agreement between the company and the government is in transferring political and economic risks from the manufacturing company to the corresponding governmental body.
  
Acting as a customer or a partner
Finally, governmental bodies and supranationals can act as customers purchasing products and solutions from the firms for own purposes. These legislative bodies also have physical headquarters and offices, employ people, and accomplish different types of projects. Therefore, governments can support the national manufacturers making a win-win deal. They can also function as intermediaries by searching for foreign partners and customers or promoting the business of the firms abroad. In addition, many firms going international would find it useful to obtain some sort of trainings and workshops, the main purpose of which is learning the principles of working with other countries, international business ethics or any other type of knowledge applicable on a global basis. The Chamber of Commerce may be the most appropriate body within the state administration dealing with such type of issues.    

As it turns out, a direct investment in foreign business in the country usually results in higher return on investment compared to an investment in a domestic business (Landefeld & Kozlow 2003: 117). Following this suggestion, the governments can help international businesses to prosper by investing in them, although it would not be always the best solution, especially for the countries, which intend to support national manufacturers.

Social Sphere
Medicine and healthcare
The most obvious examples of globalization are certainly found in solving universal problems of health care and medicine, which are usually the concern of governments and supranational authorities as those primarily responsible for the living conditions of population. For example, such diseases as AIDS or cancer are the international concern so global efforts have to be dedicated to fighting them (Brown 2008: 42-43). But how can we tie this together with the concern for the firms? Obviously, the statistics for global economic processes will show that the changes in demographics and work force supply take place as these problems are being settled. Firms act as employers and certainly depend on people, who work for them. To ensure the health of the employees and the potential of customers means to ensure the prosperity of business and other types of activities in the country and outside it, which is of high concern for the state governments and public organizations.

Work force security
In addition, not only health of the nation determines the quality of the labour force. Mayda, O’Rourke, Sinnot (2007: 4) point out that the rates of production and trade in each country depend on the skillfulness of workers, so it is quite reasonable to mention that labour market of each country affects globalization. After observing the international trends, one can mention that high-skill labour tends more to the countries with higher welfare rates, which discloses the unfair distribution of the work force between the countries. Consequently, Mayda, O’Rourke, Sinnot (2007: 6) conclude that ‘opposition to economic integration – analyzed as the dependent variable – is negatively affected by welfare policies’. Research shows that the more the government of the country rejects the possibilities of free international trade, the less opportunity exists in the labor market of the country and the less security the work force gains. As a result, the rates of skillful work force emigration increase and the GDP, which incorporates national spending for labor market, decreases. Based on this, globalized companies may not be satisfied with the quality of the labor force, which will negatively reflect on the operations in the given countries making business there unreasonable. That’s why the governmental policy aimed at labor protection will benefit both employers and employees on a national and international scale, providing competitive environment for maintaining international business relationships and reducing risk associated with uncertainty about the globalization processes on a domestic scale (Mayda, O’Rourke, Sinnot 2007: 20). 

Specialized education
According to Becker (2006: 271), globalization and global competition nowadays require employees to possess special knowledge and education. However, the system of education that exists in many countries does not allow reacting sufficiently to such changes and should be reshaped in accordance to the contemporary business environment. Education falls under the range of governmental responsibility, that’s why namely the government can restructure the system in order to accurately correspond to the up-to-date demands in the globalized society. 

Public events sponsorship
Sport, charity, art and other aspects of life worldwide are managed by international organizations and supranationals, which are usually non-profit and resort to the help of sponsors and patrons when searching for financial resources and investments. UNESCO, FIFA, International Olympic Committee are among such worldwide known independent organizations. Investment in the aforementioned spheres guarantees acknowledgement of the sponsoring company due to the PR activity and advertising associated with it. The company gets promotion on an international scale, has a possibility to create a positive image for the customers, and sometimes even to present its products or services to the global public. Such type of cooperation between non-profit organizations and businesses are mutually profitable and always noticeable.

Technological Sphere
Research & Development
One of the crucial manifestations in the process of globalization is the increase in sharing of knowledge and advancements in technology. This is the primary role of governments and supranationals acting in the interests of firms. Corporate policy of global corporations usually insists on uniformity in operations and equipment, which makes the necessity in the compliance of processes within the organization obvious. Because of the inequality in the countries’ rates of overall development, the distribution of know-how and technological novelties usually appears to be essential for a certain type of business. This primarily concerns the joint venture companies, which are usually established with the support from the governments and aimed at a common goal in research and development. The role of the government for such types of firms is well-defined – the government should act as an investor and ensure the growth and improvement for the firm, the result of which can later become the national or even global property. Supranationals can provide even greater contribution to the advancement of technologies by financing the projects of the manufacturing companies. As the European Union expands and unifies new countries, it invests in new prospective businesses in those countries. This allows the firms to handle projects, which were not previously affordable to them in financial terms and broaden the distribution network by obtaining partners within the member states of EU. 
   
As Landefeld and Kozlow (2003: 115) point out, research and development is a delicate issue for the global corporations. The primary concern is that the technological advancement can be easily transferred to partners and contractors in other countries, which leads to losing the global competitive advantage to certain extent. Governments cannot be fully in charge of protecting the technology developed domestically. However, the governments of the importing countries can help in the technology transfer and implementation of know-how through the franchisees and other types of partnership by establishing loyal regulations and encouraging investments in the country by the foreign companies and organizations.
  
Statistical data and international standards
When entering new markets, a company must be certainly interested in market statistics and looks forward to conducting a marketing research or buying statistical data, which satisfy the necessary parameters. For such reasons, governments should be able to present the requested data. In order to understand the data correctly, international standards should be applied to all types of information. Standardization of information and introduction of standards comprise the duties of supranational organizations on a universal scale and appear to be another point in helping the firms affected by globalization. Landefeld and Kozlow (2003: 119-120) specify the requirements for the statistical data insisting on their accuracy, consistency, and quality by saying that ‘the obligation of statistical organizations is to keep pace with changes in the world economy’.   

Environmental Sphere
Environmental concern
The problem of resources has always been a major concern for different companies, especially those involved in production. That’s why much attention nowadays is paid to the environmental concern and the natural resources, which people consume. According to the summary of Brown (2008: 49), ‘the major problems with globalization are in relation to concerns about energy renewal, sustainability of the world’s ecosystem, the inequalities associated with the global market’. In other words, the scarcity of resources available is predetermined by the rates and frequency of usage. For those resources that cannot be replenished quickly, certain policies should be established. They may even affect the activity of the firm on a global basis leading to diversification of business and other drastic changes. Oil industry can serve an example for this because petroleum has to be substituted with another type of fuel in future.

Some global companies try to assure the availability of resources for themselves. For example, IKEA, the world’s largest furniture retailer, plants trees on a regular basis to support the ecosystem (American Forests 2009). However, the role of environmental protection organizations is inevitable in such type of issues for that they are supposed to implement control over the utilization of natural resources, identification of endangered species, and regulating the distribution of amounts of natural supplies.

Omitting environmental concern
According to Landefeld and Kozlow (2003: 117), when pursuing the development of international business in the country, the governments can sometimes ignore the environmental impact, which global corporation produce in the country. This appears to be the case in the third world countries where norms and regulations are still not so strict and the corruption in the legislative bodies still takes place. This is supposed to benefit the firm because the firm enters the market in shorter terms and with less paperwork but is originally a question of business ethics, which casts doubt upon the positive image of the firm.

Legal Sphere
As mentioned above, sometimes governments make concessions in order to attract foreign businesses in the country. Technically, the government helps the firm to establish presence in the given country aimed at mutual benefit but it is sometimes made neglecting environmental issues, rights of the citizens or contradicting with fair competition. In such cases, supranationals are supposed to act as independent spectators and resolve the disputable issue.

In whole, governments and supranational organizations can assist the global corporations in regulating the issues of brand identity, employment of the personnel, managing insurance of the risks, establishing taxation norms and laws, etc. In terms of globalization, the law is also globalized to certain extent, so international practices become more applicable each day.  

Conclusion
Nowadays globalization is strongly associated with risk for the firms and individuals. Firms tend to see the advantages of globalization, although they cannot handle them without any external help. This help is found in the support of the governments and independent international organizations, which identify own interests in providing assistance for the companies. As a result of such interaction and cooperation, new units appear in a global business network, broadening the supply and the opportunities for customers, contractors, suppliers and even competitors. All principles and technologies that a company uses become a universal property that is shared on an international basis, leading to either prosperity or decline of the business. I suppose that the main fair of globalization is exactly in the uncertainty, which appears after the company turns from a domestic producer into a multinational corporation, namely the firm affected by globalization.

__________________________________________________________________________

This is a free research paper on Globalization topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Globalization for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
________________Enjoy our custom research paper writing service!__________________