Monday, April 16, 2012

Strategic Management Research Proposal

Strategic Management Research Proposal

Today, CACI has to maintain its competitive position that forces the company to the permanent progress. However, the progress is impossible without the implementation of effective, grand strategies. In this respect, on taking into consideration the current position of CACI and its potential, it is possible to focus on three grand strategies: introduction of innovations, preservation of the company’s status of a state contractor, and focus on the effective human resource management.

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First of all, it should be said that the orientation on the introduction of innovations is strategically important for the company because it opens larger opportunities for the company to grow and, in regard to the orientation of the company on the supply of its products and services to the state, it is important to offer new and progressive products and services in order to get state contracts. In addition, the introduction of innovations provides the possibility for creation of new niches on the market, where the competition is low and, as CACI takes the leading position in these niches, it can define the further development of the market. But this strategy heavily relies on the effective human resource management, without which this strategy is likely to fail if the company has a high personnel turnover, for instance.

The preservation of the status of a state contractor is also of a paramount importance. It is worth mentioning the fact that this strategy is highly dependent on the ability of the company to introduce innovations and offer new products to its customers, among which the state plays a particularly important role. In fact, the orientation on state contracts provides the company with a possibility to develop a long-run strategy and plans of its further growth because state contracts are highly reliable and, as a rule, they are supposed to be long-term contracts. On the other hand, these contracts can limit the distribution of the company’s innovations in the private sector of the market because products and services that are related to the national security, defense or intelligence solutions are secret and, therefore, cannot be accessible to mass customers. Finally, the human resource management is probably the key factor that defines the success of the strategies discussed above. Today, the company cannot succeed if it is unable to employ well-qualified professionals, who can develop new technologies and products. This means that CACI should not only employ well-qualified professionals but it should also be able to recruit professionals which can invent new products and technologies and, therefore, maintain the highly competitive position of the company on the market.

However, among the variety of strategies, which can be successfully applied in CACI, it is possible to recommend focusing on the quality management. The implementation of this strategy means that the company should focus not only on the quality of products and services it offers to its customers, but also on the quality of the production process itself and even on the quality of the relationship between the personnel of the company.

In such a way, it will to achieve consistent progress and maintain the competitive position of CACI on the market.
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Abnormal Psychology Research Proposal

Abnormal Psychology Research Proposal

Historically, the concept of abnormality was not a homogeneous and rigid notion. In stark contrast, views of abnormality related to the behavior of people varied consistently to the extent that the perception of the cause and essence of abnormalities in the behavior of people was absolutely different in different epochs. No wonder, the present concept of abnormal psychology is not only different but, to a significant extent, contradicting to the concept of abnormality, which was commonly accepted in the past epochs. Naturally, as views of the concept of abnormality varied so did the treatment of people having certain deviations from the normal behavior. In fact, the word “treatment” can hardly be applied to the actions undertaken in the past to people suffering from deviations from the normal behavior under the impact of their mental health problems. In such a context, it is very important to trace the evolution of the concept of abnormality in the course of the development of human society, science and views concerning this problem, in order to understand the extent to which the definition of the concept of abnormality may be conventional and sometimes inadequate and irrelevant to the actual cause and essence of the abnormality.

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First of all, the concept of abnormality is quite an arguable concept because it has varied in the course of time and even today there is no agreement among specialists on this concept. The main reason for such a diversity of views of the concept of abnormality may found in the definition of the concept itself, because the definition of abnormality is closely interrelated to the concept of a norm. What is meant here is the fact that the abnormality is traditionally perceived as a deviation from a norm, for instance, an abnormal behavior is the behavior that does not match socially accepted standards and norms of behavior (Hockenbury and Hockenbury 2003:126). Paradoxically, such a definition of abnormality can be applied to all epochs and societies, though slight and insignificant variations are possible.

In such a situation, it is quite logical that the concept of abnormality was highly dependent on the socio-cultural environment and cultural context of the epoch in which this concept was developed and applied. Obviously, the existing norms and standards, as well as beliefs, defined the essence of the abnormality, its causes, essence and methods of the treatment of people having some abnormalities in their behavior and psychology. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the ancient epoch, when views and beliefs of people were substantially influenced by their perception of the surrounding world at large and human beings in particular. For instance, one of the prominent philosophers of the ancient world, Plato, insisted on the external origin of the abnormality in human’s behavior. To put it more precisely, he argued that the deviation from the norm, i.e. the abnormal behavior of people was provoked by evil spirits, who took possession over humans and provoked the abnormal behavior. At this point, people living in the ancient epoch basically agreed with Plato. Though they did not accept his idea that the abnormality was caused by “natural madness, usually caused by a disease” (Parker et al. 1995:92). In stark contrast, ancient philosophers and the general public believed that the abnormality is rather a punishment of an individual from the part of gods for his or her misbehavior or disrespect of gods, for instance.

This mystic view of the cause and essence of the abnormality was maintained in the later epoch, the Middle Ages, while the idea of Plato concerning the natural cause of the abnormality was unjustly rejected and it is only in the later epoch mental health problems were identified as the main cause of the abnormal behavior. At the same time, during the Middle Ages the shift had taken place in relation to the abnormality since the dominance of Christianity led to the interpretation of the cause of the abnormality as the fact of being “possessed by demons” (Hockenbury and Hockenbury 2003:112). In a way, the medieval demons may be compared to evil spirits of the ancient epoch. However, the dominance of Christianity and Inquisition resulted in the absolutely inhuman, from the contemporary point of view, treatment of people with abnormal behavior. These people were exorcised by the churches or even burned at the stake for possessing the demons (Hockenbury and Hockenbury 2003:132).

The Renaissance and Enlightenment stimulated the development of science and change in the attitude of people to the abnormality. During this epoch, humanistic principles had been introduced (Hansell and Damour 2005:103). Moreover, ideas of ancient philosophers, including Plato, were revived and reevaluated. As a result, the view of abnormality steadily grew closer to the contemporary scientific view of this problem.

However, it is only by the early 19th century the concept of abnormality had been changed consistently (King 1998:4). To put it more precisely, the idea of being possessed by evil spirits or demons was totally rejected, instead, the idea of natural causes, such as a mental illness, became commonly accepted. These ideas and views of the abnormality were developed further, but there were still certain differences in views. For instance, supporters of biological approach believed that the abnormality was provoked by illness and health problems on the biological level, i.e. the abnormality was viewed as some malfunction of human body (Hansell and Damour, 2005). Behavioral and psychological approach tended to focus on psychological and mental causes of the abnormality (Bennett 2003:94).

Nevertheless, in spite of existing differences, the attitude of people to those, who had the abnormal behavior, had changed dramatically. Since the abnormality was and still is viewed as an illness, people who have this problem are treated by healthcare specialist and receive essential assistance from the part of healthcare and social services as well as relatives who take care of these people. Moreover, asylums, which were created for the treatment of people with abnormalities, tend to disappear as the concept of the community treatment and integration grows more and more popular in regard to people with abnormality (Bennett 2003:97). As a result, today people with abnormality, if they are not socially dangerous, tend to be integrated in the normal, social life.

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Sunday, April 15, 2012

Organizational Behavior Research Proposal

Organizational Behavior Research Proposal

The organizational behavior case we are about to discuss was based on a situation that occurred between the company’s owner and the head of the western satellite of the firm.

Let us now take a closer look at the elements that contributed to this employee’s feeling of inequality.

First of all, the employees feeling of inequality was based on lack of understanding why the western branch was treated as a secondary unit (subunit), although it dealt with the customers and had the client base, the head office would have no business without.

Secondly, the work of the western satellite office has probably been truly intense, the Head office, on the other had did not have to deal with the ever-complaining customers, but still their work was treated as insignificant.

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Thirdly, there was lack of communication of the head office activities and thus, the work done by both unit allowed their members feel they were not treated equally.

Finally, when the matter of earnings showed up, the head of the Western satellite, with more experience, a degree, and hard work for the company, felt that he was really undervalued, in comparison with his colleague from the Head office in Toronto, who obviously had less education, and less workload (namely: no customer contact, no one to supervise, no university education, and no seniority), but still earned 48K, while the head of the office in B.C. earned only 30K a year. This was clearly an inequity that made the head of the western office feel underestimated.

Due to the fact that the employee under consideration was the head of the western satellite, and there was no “comparison other” in the B.C., while the Head office honcho, Helen, was basically, the manager of the same level, and, presumably, had the same earning pattern. Clearly, Helen, the manager of the Head office in Toronto did not have the same set of responsibilities; still, the overall level of salaries among top managers is subject to comparison.

The con-worker in B.C. clearly had almost the same working pattern, while the earnings were basically the same or even lower (according to the standard subordination). The only adequate “comparison other” was the head of the other unit, like Helen. The inequity solved unexpectedly easily: when the head of the Western office had finally decided to put his salary into question, he settled a meeting with the company’s owner. Despite the agitation of the employee, his salary has been raised without any objections. He did not even have to persuade the chief and emphasize his supervisor performance, academic achievements, work experience, and interpersonal skills, which had certainly been worth mentioning in term of a salary raise. The owner admitted that it was the way things were in the company – the Head office employees earned half as much and more, just because it was the “center” of the company.

The owner had simply raised the salary, without providing further incentives and even made the employee feel unappreciated even more than beforehand. This lack of motivation was the key point to the employee’s further disillusionment. The chief’s lack of communication, support, and motivation resulted in the employee’s leave.

There certainly are other factors that may have contributed to the job dissatisfaction experienced by these two employees. I believe there might have been some influence of the lack of proper communication within the company that has contributed to the overall job dissatisfaction of the employees in the B.C. office.

First of all, there should have been more clearness about the function of the company’s core and its satellites, while the corporate policy on reward and compensation might be more flexible and comprehensible.

Secondly, proper attention to the work and the problems of the company’s units by the top management might have helped it appreciate their work more and maybe even enable to provide more efficient and acceptable corporate culture within the company. Thirdly, the employees’ motivation was left behind; the owner of the company has not clearly paid enough attention to the support and appreciation of the most valuable managers. The head of the western office felt underappreciated because his dedication, hard work, and the reputation building were not even mentioned by the head of the company.

Proper motivation, both monetary and non-monetary, is an important element of the employees’ satisfaction and a basis for more incentives and better work performance.

Unluckily, the company had lost a professional that was obviously underappreciated, although the price of a professional of such level was far higher than the difference between the salaries of the heads of the two units.
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Tuesday, April 10, 2012

Research Paper on Celebrities

Research Paper on Celebrities in the Media

How Does the Media and Celebrities Affect Our Society?
In the contemporary world, media play increasingly more important role. At the same time, it should be said that media are closely intertwined with celebrities who are often in the focus of attention of mass media and, to a significant extent, it is due to celebrities mass media maintain the interest of the public to their products and services. On the other hand, celebrities also need the media since the media promote them and create certain image of a celebrity that is an essential condition of his or her popularity. In this respect, the interaction and mutual impact of media and celebrities is particularly strong in the modern music industry. Music industry occupies a very significant place in the life of the modern society. Traditionally, people highly appreciated music as a form of art that meets their aesthetic tastes and produces positive effects on their emotional and psychological state. Basically, the attitude to music in the modern society has hardly changed, though it is worthy of mention that modern music constitutes a part of the pop culture, but it has never lost its significance and its impact on the emotional state of individuals. At the same time, modern music is more than a form of art. Nowadays, it is also a very profitable business and music one of the major elements of the modern entertainment industry.

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At first glance, the increasing role of music as a highly profitable industry should stimulate the development of music, appearance of new artists, new ideas and styles. Moreover, music, being traditionally the field where outstanding people could realize their talents, such as famous classical musicians and composers, could count for the appearance of new talented artists who would have larger opportunities to realize their ideas and inclinations. However, in actuality, modern music is a part of the entertainment industry where artistic talent, professional skills and abilities are secondary and can hardly influence the public recognition of artists and, instead, the overwhelming power of media determines the popularity of artists and makes them mainstream. Moreover, the media do not only contribute to the popularity of celebrities, especially musician and artists, but also, together with celebrities, they shape the cultural identity of contemporary people and define the basic values of the contemporary society.

Obviously, media play a very significant role in the modern society and music. In order to better understand the significance of media for artists and celebrities, especially in the music industry, it is necessary to analyze the current situation in society and assess the role of media in the modern society. In this regard, the impact of media on the modern society is really enormous. First of all, modern media have already evolved into powerful tools which could be used by their owners to shape or, at least, influence the public opinion and create new trends in culture, social life, and even politics. It is not a secret that modern media are primarily mass media that means that they are oriented on the mass audience and, therefore, they can influence masses of people. In such a situation, it is quite natural that people that are using the same media, for instance, that are watching the same TV channels, reading the same magazines, etc. have certain similarities in their views, tastes, and even lifestyle.

In this respect, the impact of modern national media often outweigh the impact of local media and specialist argue that nowadays it is possible to speak about the formation of individuals’ identity under the impact of media (Chomsky, 87). Thus, cultural, political, moral and other views of an individual are shaped by media and national media tend to create a unique national culture that contributes to the formation of a specific cultural identity that can unite people living in different parts of the country, having different ethnic or cultural background. Under the impact of media they can accept those values that are constantly imposed on them. No wonder that specialists (Chomsky, 89) speak about the formation of a very specific MTV culture, or MTV generation. In fact, it is not only American or western culture that affected by this trends, but it is also possible to speak about the impact of American culture, including MTV culture on such traditionally conservative cultures as Kuwaiti culture. To put it more precisely, in the contemporary, globalized world, the growing cultural exchange leads to the growing impact of American culture on other cultures of the world and they become more and more Americanized or westernized. For instance, Kuwaiti culture gradually decreases the significance of rigid Islamic norms which dominated in the country. Instead, the new generations, some representatives of which have got their education in the USA and other western countries, more readily accepts western cultural standards and lifestyle, introducing elements of western culture in their national culture.

At the same time, it is necessary to remember about the fact that people can hardly resist to such an impact because media accompany people everywhere. In fact, modern mass media have made enormous progress and they became extremely diverse. In the past there were practically no alternatives to press, TV and radio, while nowadays there appeared Internet, which generates the creation of virtual communities with their unique culture (Bagdikian, 137), while the development of modern telecommunications, including mobile phones, made media constantly available to customers. Consequently, people are under a permanent pressure of media. They are simply bombarded with information that media supply and, what is more important, people do not really have a choice what information or what message they want receive from media and which they do not. To put it more precisely, people do not have an opportunity to get information that is really interesting to them and that they really want to know. Instead, they are consumers that receive a ready-made product of mass media that targets mass consumers and the major goal of media is to increase their popularity and their audience because it defines their profitability and, therefore, their survival in the highly competitive market.

In fact, the popularity of artists may be defined by a variety of factors. The modern music industry is a part of the pop culture and, therefore, music is highly dependent on the major trends in pop culture. In this respect, the modern pop culture and music promote the cult of celebrities. This means that the major goal of an artist working in the music industry is to become famous and popular. In fact, this is the ultimate goal any beginning singer or musician wants to achieve. In such a situation, many beginning artists count for their talent and inherited or acquired skills and abilities. They sincerely believe that they can achieve success and join the cohort of celebrities, which, to a significant extent, define the modern mainstream culture.

On analyzing such an approach to getting the public recognition and popularity, it is necessary to admit the fact that the belief that if a person has a talent and works hard, he/she will succeed, is a kind of myth, the famous American dream that will never come true for the overwhelming majority of artists. As the matter of fact, talent and personal qualities may be very important but they can hardly be determinant factor. Basically, what the talent and some positive personal qualities of an individual can give him/her are just larger opportunities to become a part of mainstream culture but to become a celebrity artists need to play according to the rules of modern show business.

In fact, personal qualities of an artist are mainly important for his/her personal relations with other people, including professionals that participate in the promotion of an artist. However, it is money and power of the promoters that can really define the future of an artist. In this regard, an artist cannot become popular simply because he/she has some new ideas or really great talent. The new artist needs the wide support of recording companies to convey his/her works to the mass audience. At the same time, hard work may be viewed as an essential element that, to a significant extent, defines perspectives of an individual in his/her musical career. However, similarly to the talent it cannot fully determine the success of an artist in modern music. Basically, hard work is essential to create a positive public image, to get used to the communication with the audience and media, etc. But hard work is not a determinant factor in the promotion of an artist.

In fact, many artists that have a talent, some new, fresh ideas, who work hard and whose music may be really good remain unknown for the mass audience simply because they cannot convey their message to the audience and they cannot show their work to other people. Nowadays, the ability or possibility of an individual to be in a public eye, his/her access to media are the determinant factors that practically guarantee the success of an artist. As a result, the popularity of an artist is not defined actually by his/her talent or his/her hard work but it is rather defined by the frequency of his/her appearance in media and the amount of time media pay attention to his/her personality and work.

In such a situation, it is very important to understand the way in which media can contribute to the popularity of music and make it mainstream. Basically, the modern music industry is very complicated and it is practically impossible for an individual to gain the public approval and become popular without any external support. In fact, specialists (Schenker, 348) point out that modern music industry is controlled by a few large recording companies, such as Sony Records, for instance. These large recording companies assist an artist in the process of recording, they actually have the right for the distribution of albums of an artist and, thus, they, to a significant extent define the success of an artist because an artist turns to be a kind of puppet in hands of large record companies which actually redistribute profits from the sales of the artist’s albums or his performance at large.

Such a situation is the result of the high costs of recording and promotion of the music of artists. At the same time, even the recording companies are not almighty because to promote an artist they inevitably need to use media. This is why media became the major tool of the promotion of an artist and the popularity of an artist may be viewed as a product of media. In fact, to understand the role of media it is necessary to understand properly the way of becoming a celebrity. In this respect, to invent a good music or create a good song is only an initial but not obligatory stage. An artist may have this product, i.e. music or song, or he/she may simply acquire this product from other artists. The latter can readily help in this regard if they have failed to become celebrities and need money or when they are simply unable to sell their product themselves. Furthermore, a recording company is needed to record a song or create an album. This stage is very important because in the modern highly competitive market music should be really of the highest quality, though it does necessarily mean that an artist should really have a talent. What he/she really needs is the ability to perform the music or sing a song on an average level while the leading recording companies, using modern technological tools can “improve” the performance of an artist (Bennett, 137). At the same time, recording companies can supply an artist with perfect music and lyric which they can easily buy.

However, it is only the preparation stage for becoming a celebrity. In fact, to get started, an artist needs to have a song or an album recorded by a leading company. After that the media comes into play and their role is determinant in the success or failure of an artist. At the same time, it is necessary to underline that even at this stage an artist does not play a very important role because in the process of promotion his/her recording company is much more important than an artist him/herself. In fact, the artist is insignificant until the moment he/she becomes a celebrity. Prior to this moment, a recording company actively develops his/her promotional campaign. This means that the recording company needs to sale the product, i.e. music created by an artist. To meet this goal and to sale a possibly larger number of albums and gain maximum benefit from the promotion of an artist, the company needs to make this artist popular.

In practice, this artist should become recognizable by the mass audience that naturally impossible if the audience has never heard or saw his/her performance. This is actually why the role of media is crucial because, as a rule, the recording company negotiates with radio station, TV companies, printed media the promotion of the artist. The goal of the negotiations is to make media include the artist into the list of their records that the audience can listen daily, while in the case of printed media, the recording company attempts to convince magazines and papers that its artist is worth noting and, therefore, printed media should provide their readers with ample information about this artist and show him/her as a new star of the modern music and as a great talent. In such a situation, such traditional notions as talent and hard work are traditionally used to attract the attention of the audience to the work of the artist and his/her personality. In fact, it is quite logical because, otherwise, media would fail if they presented a new artist as an absolutely unknown person in the music industry.

Basically, media attempt to present the artist to the mass audience and draw the maximum attention to his/her music and personality. In this regard, it should be pointed out that the interest of recording companies and media is mutual because media also can benefit from the promotional campaign of the artist if he/she manages to become a celebrity. Obviously, media, as it has been already mentioned above, need the mass audience. Naturally, the audience steadily grows tired if it does not receive new information and the more stir this information makes the better for media because this naturally attracts the audience. In such a way, media introduce the new artist, the audience listens and watches his/her performance, and the recording company starts sales of albums of the artist. This is the simplest scheme that is used to make an unknown artist a new celebrity.

In general, the promotional campaign is of a paramount importance because the more media and, therefore, people are talking about the new artist the more chances he/she has to become a celebrity. Consequently, the recording company can count for the larger sales rate. Such a situation seems to be profitable to all participants involved. However, this scheme perfectly illustrates the extent to which media are important in the promotion of an artist and in the creation of his/her popularity because media play the key role at the stage of promotion of the artist. At the same time, it is obvious that the talent of the artist is of little importance. Moreover, the artist does not really need to work hard to maintain his popularity.

By the way, the maintenance of the popularity of the artist is also of a paramount importance and it is also impossible without the assistance of media. To put it more precisely, what the artist really needs to remain popular is make media focus their attention on his/her life and work. Obviously, the more attention media pay to the artist the more people will talk about him/her and the higher will be sale rates of his/her music, while media can increase their audience if the information about the artist is really interesting for people. In this regard, the creative work of an artist may be secondary because what media need is just some sensations or noteworthy details of the artist’s life. Consequently, the artist just needs to be represented in the mainstream media to maintain his popularity, while his/her music is just one of the tools to draw the public attention to his/her personality, which is often more important to the audience than his/her music.

In such a context, many artists use the media to create a specific image or simply to promote themselves, even if they need to get involved in some scandals. In this respect, it is possible to mention numerous sexual scandals of Michal Jackson, or more recent scandal involving Britney Spears and her relationships with her ex-husband and child. Obviously, mass media pay a lot of attention to the private life of celebrities and the latter often use the media to draw the attention of the public. At the same time, the public perceives the lifestyle of celebrities depicted in media and tends to follow the example of celebrities. In fact, celebrities act as models of behavior for the mass audience, while mass media serve as mediators between celebrities and the public. On the other hand, the role of media is consistently more significant that the intermediation. In fact, the media are commercial enterprises and, similarly to celebrities, they need the public interest.

Consequently, they use celebrities to increase their rating, though often mass media pay little attention to effects of their products on society. In actuality, effects may be quite negative since the depiction of scandals or even interference in personal life of celebrities crate erroneous views of ordinary people on the life of celebrities. But celebrities are perceived as socially significant figures, models for ordinary people. Hence, the attention of the media to scandals involving celebrities produces a negative impact on society since it leads to the shift of values of people because scandals or even anti-social behavior, which is typical for some celebrities, is perceived by the public as a norm. Moreover, the mass media often focus on the violent behavior of celebrities that naturally affects the audience, especially the younger part of the audience, including children. In such a situation, news reports, for instance, involving examples of the violent of some celebrities, or just films where famous actors act violently change the perception of the violence by the public. As a result, the violence in media, especially if it involves celebrities, contributes to the growing aggression of ordinary people.

Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that in the modern world media and celebrities play a very important role. In this regard, the attention of media to celebrities working in the music industry is particularly significant. Obviously, in the modern music industry the talent and personal qualities of artists are not important. At any rate, they secondary compared to the great role of media. In actuality, it is basically due to the media an artist can have a chance to become a celebrity. It is obvious that a new artist cannot share his/her work with the mass audience. Consequently, he/she needs a medium with the help of which he/she can convey his/her message, his/her music to the mass audience. In this regard, modern mass media are very useful because they have a huge impact on the audience, to the extent that it is even possible to speak about the formation of tastes and preferences of the audience by the mainstream media. Naturally, an artist also needs the assistance of a large and popular recording company but even the recording company is highly dependent on media and, basically, it rather functions as a mediator between an artist and media than an independent player. Finally, it is necessary to underline that media is the major means with the help of which an artist becomes mainstream because it is media that have the direct contact with the mass audience and, therefore, it is media that can determine the future of an artist.

Obviously, media can artificially draw the public attention to an artist since the audience readily consumes everything it receives from media. Moreover, as it has mentioned at the beginning of the paper, the audience actually has a little choice and it can hardly ignore information and message distributed by modern mass media. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that media and celebrities do not only focus the attention of the audience on certain artists, but they also form values and norms of the society. In fact, it is possible to estimate that the media and celebrity shape the cultural identity of the contemporary society.
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Monday, April 9, 2012

Research Paper on History

Research Paper on History

Basically, the study of history relies on both primary and secondary sources. Both primary and secondary sources are valuable since they provide readers with very valuable information concerning the history and it is hardly possible to estimate that either source is more valuable. Nevertheless, taking into consideration the abilities and experience of a researcher or learner of history, it is possible to distinguish primary sources as more valuable than secondary sources.

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First of all, it should be said that primary sources are focused on the depiction of events or historical facts that were witnessed by the author of the source. Obviously, such historical evidences are very useful for learner because the primary source helps to construct a vivid picture concerning the specific period in history. For instance, it is possible to refer to “Farewell to Manzanar” where the author depicts her personal experience of being a prisoner at the Manzanar concentration camp in the USA during the government’s internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Due to the author’s witnesses it is possible to learn in details the life of Japanese Americans in concentration camps, uncover the violation of their civil rights and injustice of the official policy of the US to Japanese Americans during World War II.

On the other hand, this source cannot be absolutely reliable because the author provides her own, personal vision of her experience during World War II. What is meant here is the fact that the major problem of primary sources, such as “Farewell to Manzanar” is the high degree of subjectivity. It proves beyond a doubt that authors of primary sources are affected by their environment. For instance, they may sincerely support the dominant ideology, such as fascism, and they will justify the policy conducted in terms of this ideology, though, objectively speaking, such ideologies as fascism are characterized by the violation of human rights and crimes against humanity. In such a situation, it is very important for a learner or researcher to clearly distinguish the personal, subjective view or opinion of the author of the primary source and the factual information that is the most valuable in primary sources.

In this respect, secondary sources are quite different from primary sources. For instance, “In the Strawberry Fields” is focused on the same epoch and problem that “Farewell to Manzanar” but this work represents the evaluation of historical events that took place in the past. It is important to underline that authors of secondary sources provide learners and researchers with processed information, which they have already analyzed and evaluated. However, their interpretation is not always correct because the analyze history in retrospection. Hence, their view of history may be affected by the contemporary historical context, existing beliefs, stereotypes and biases. Consequently, a learner cannot totally rely on secondary sources.

Thus, unlike primary sources, secondary sources provide learners with information that has been interpreted and analyzed by the author and, therefore, it is more difficult for a learner to make a definite conclusion concerning the extent to which the information presented in the secondary source mirrors the actual historical situation.
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Saturday, April 7, 2012

Research Paper on Job Satisfaction

Research Paper on Job Satisfaction

The topic of job satisfaction and how to achieve it is one of the mostly discussed topics in this decade. This concept has gained such popularity because it was realized that only a satisfied and contented worker can eagerly work for the wellbeing and prosperity of the enterprise he/she is in. In this short paper I would like to discuss the concept of job satisfaction basing my conclusions on the article I came across some time ago. I would like to concentrate not on the issue of job satisfaction or lack of it in general, but only on the level of satisfaction within working women.

The article I would like to talk about is called “British Women’s Job Satisfaction Takes a Tumble” and was published by the Bath University of England that is one of the country’s most rapidly developing schools. The findings in the article are of June, 2005, thus they can not be considered to be recent. Despite this fact, having looked at the more current statistics I saw that the tendency of the year 2005 still persists.

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The research in the article is based on the results from the survey of 25,000 British women employees (University of Bath). The conductors of the research have discovered that the average level of job satisfaction within women has fallen substantially in the last fifteen years (the previous research of this kind of carried out by the university in 1990). It is said that women used to have much higher level of job satisfaction than men in Great Britain. Though, with the growing pressures for women at the work place the level fell to the level of men’s job satisfaction. Moreover, it is maybe expected to fall lower. What is noteworthy is that the level of the job satisfaction of part time women employees has fallen drastically. This shows that women today are not ready to put up with low wages and unfavorable conditions they were ok with before.

As a consequence, as we see, the situation with the level of job satisfaction within women has changed. Though, as it was stated by Professor Mike Rose from the University of Bath who carried out the research for the Economic and Social Research Council “There’s no sign of a general fall in psychological well-being among women employees since 1990”. Thus, the level of satisfaction fell not due to the facts that women are less happy now, but due to other reasons.

The issue of the satisfaction at work of women employees can be discussed in regards to the Arab regions where Islam is practiced. According to the researches made in that region, women are also less satisfied with their jobs as well as their work conditions than men (Zeffane, Ibrahim, Mehairi, 237-238). In the research carried out in Kuwait it was discovered that women are indeed less satisfied than men today or at least much less satisfied than they used to be. After the completion of the mentioned above researches it was decided that a different approach towards rising satisfaction than focusing on the job itself is necessary today (Metle, 311-312).
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Monday, April 2, 2012

Research Paper on Exodus

Research Paper on Exodus

In this paper I will reveal my deep knowledge of biblical text, Exodus 1-24, as well as express my point of view upon the chapters and how they can be treated.

1. Introduction 
The story of Exodus in general is said to be one of the core stories for both Jews and Christians, as for Jews it is the story of their liberation from Pharaoh slavery to that of God’s servants. And for Christians the story serves as the background for understanding death of Jesus Christ and the Last Supper in the gospel of John, New Testament.

The questions of history and faith are very important in relation to Exodus, as it is obvious that Exodus cannot be treated as the historical document, but only as the faithful story retelling, which was concerned mainly with the provision of the theological meaning and understanding of the events that were taking place. Theology in Exodus is very important and specific, and it arouses particular tensions which are not resolved in the first 24 chapters: “If you listen carefully to what he says and do all that I say, I will be an enemy to your enemies and will oppose those who oppose you” (Exodus 23:21).

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Exodus also includes different types of literature, such as story, law and liturgy and the text itself leads us to theological reflections. By means of liturgical texts it is possible to follow the meaning deeply. Theology of creation can be also observed in Exodus, as it is God who created leads people out of Israel and the God is “life-giving, life-preserving and life-blessing” (Exodus 1:7).

The knowledge of God and images of God are one of the main themes in Exodus, as God is constantly seeking for self-disclosure (Ex. 7:17, 8:10, 9:14, 11:7, 14:4) and is presented to us in many dimensions.

The distinctive feature of Exodus, is that unlike Genesis it is the story of the whole nation, and not the family story. The law, which is given to Israelites after they are saved from slavery, is the divine gift to them, but it is not very clear how the law obedience will be checked.

The idea of liberation can be seen through the whole Exodus, when God is saving those who are oppressed and gifting them liberty. The battle for liberation takes place, which shows that God is fighting the battle on the side of Israelites. Is that fair? Pharaoh on the other side is presented not just as the human being that is not setting Israelites free, but he serves as the representative of the wrong ideals of the whole Egypt.

2. Interpretation of Exodus 1:24 
The story of Exodus starts with the narration how Israelites were oppressed on the Egypt land when they came there with Jacob. The king of Egypt was very anxious about the situation, as he was afraid of war. As a consequence, Israelites were forced to hard work. The most important episode in the first chapter is that of with midwives that were asked by Pharaoh of Egypt to kill Hebrew boys when they are born. The idea is how Pharaoh could trust and give such tasks to Hebrew midwives. It is also mentioned that midwives feared God and obviously didn’t accomplish the task. The fear of God can mean the trust in God, and the person can trust just something that he definitely knows, so it can be assumed that those women were wise enough to understand the order of creation and live lives in harmony with it. There is a bright contrast shown between the Pharaoh who is bringing death and midwives that are resisting it and therefore promoting life (for their lie to Pharaoh the could be killed). Midwives were very clever to find the best answer to Pharaoh and were accomplishing their task of bringing life in the fullest extent. Then Moses is born, but Pharaoh commanded to throw all boys in Nile, so mother of Moses (whose name we will learn just in Ex. 7:20) placed the baby in the basket and left it on the Nile’s bank. Important note is that Moses sister was staying on the distance and watching what will happen to the basket, which means that she was anxious about the future of the child. It is also shown that not Egyptians were all the same, as Pharaoh’s daughter has found the baby, and her hart was kind as she had pity and decided to keep the child, even though she understood that the child was Hebrew. The greatest irony here is that the Nile, which was the sign of children death, becomes the mean of saving Moses and the direct relative of the person who established the policy of killing Hebrew boys, violates it. The other amazing point is that finally Moses mother is paid for what she wants to do (to feed the baby).

The name to Moses was given not immediately after he was found, but after he grew up and the name was Egyptian. The revelation of God in the burning bush is one of the most powerful episodes not only in Exodus, but also in the whole Old Testament. It was very much connected with the God’s identification to man and to the words that He was telling Moses, as obviously they were so strong and inspiring that lead to legendary events described in later chapters of Exodus. Here the understanding of the God’s image is essential, as it is not constant and changes from event to even. In Ex. 3:14 God says to Moses: “I AM WHO I AM…” The God was also shown as Lord, as the one who gives the law and demands obedience, as the judge for Israelites and Egyptians, as the king (Ex.15:18). God also is depicted showing his a kind of cosmic power, as natural forced obey to God and people (Egyptian Pharaoh) do not. In Ex. 3:7 is also shown that God has compassion and suffers along with his people.

To my opinion in chapters 5-11 God possesses human characteristics. God is playing his game with Egyptian Pharaoh by hardening his heart all the time to show the whole specter of his possibilities to both nations. God needs glory: “…that you may tell your children and grandchildren that I dealt harshly with the Egyptians and how I performed my signs upon them…”(Ex. 10:2). God is also shown as jealous God in Ex. 9: 16. All the plagues were like the battle of God and Pharaoh, but God was the leader and having the absolute control upon it. That was the revelation of his knowledge to Israelites. Important note is that magicians could repeat some actions of Moses, but they were no able to remove them, which was the sign of the divine connection between Moses and God and the fact that Moses was chosen by God.

The Passover banquet was to happen when the final plague was still taking place and should be repeated in ages to commemorate God’s victory. There are some symbolic things mentions, such as bitter herbs, which are probably the sign how bitter was life of Israelites when they were slaves. And also unleavened bread, which can be similar to pita bread and it accompanied sacrifices at that time. One week abstinence from unleavened bread could probably be the reminder of God’s overwhelming victory over Egyptians and successful driving Israelites away from Egypt.

During the episode with Crossing the Sea (Ex. 13:17-15:21), Israel sociological situation was taken into consideration. One of the main ideas of the event was to show the God’s cosmic power over forces of chaos and turning them against Egyptians. Here the change of notions about what is good and what is bad takes place, as chaos is originally bad and wrong thing (in Exodus Egyptians represented such forces), but in the hands of God, the all forces can be used the way God wants. People of Israel during the trip are depressed hat just reveal that they were oppressed for a long period of time, and Moses speaks to them with the words from gospel (Ex. 14:13-14).

Bread and water (Ex. 15:22-18:27) were the signs of God’s favor. When the bitter water is made sweet (Ex.15:22-27), God is delivering his grace through human knowledge and useful properties of definite natural order elements. The manna mentioned is the type of the plant lice punctures the fruit of the tamarisk tree, which causes the fruit to excrete a yellowish-white ball; it has sweet taste, decays fast and attracts many ants. The purpose of showing the provision to people with that entire staff was to show that Lord is the God of people and that he heard people’s prayers. Also three parts of God’s will were shown: the establishment of solemn rest time (Sabbath), which should not be at the expense of the daily needs, in other words it should be the rest from work and not from enjoying life, and manna can be gathered one day at one time.

Amalekites were defeated with the combination human forces and divine energies: human leadership qualities and active community defense was involves, as well as the divine will.

Exodus 20:22-23:33 can be called the Book of Covenant, as it presented Law to worship (20:22-26, ordinances, moral commandments and duties (22:5-17) and sabbatical times and festival calendar (23:10-19). Most part of the mentioned laws were juts the illustrations how the Ten Commandments should have been applied in everyday life on practice.

The Covenant ceremony was the communition in the present of God and actual covenant making (Ex. 24). Encountering God on the mountain took place (Ex.24:9-11), and Moses was on the mountain alone and entered the sphere of God. Moses became the mean and the symbol of the covenant between God and people. The image of God has the transformative meaning here, as “no one can see God and live”, which can mean that no one can remain unchanged after seeing God.

3. Conclusion
In the conclusion I would like to summarize that Exodus is one of the most important parts in Old Testament, as it reveals the setting relationships between God and Israelites. It is very symbolic and in some places even controversial, as it is still the story told by people.
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William Shakespeare Research Paper

William Shakespeare Research Paper

William Shakespeare is said to have he reputation of one of the best writers of plays in Western literature in English language. Genres of his plays were historically divided into tragedy, comedy and history, but there were also some of his works that were very difficult to categorize, as their structure broke any generic conventions. His most famous plays include such masterpieces, as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear, the Taming of the Shrew, Julius Caesar, Twelfth Night, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Richard III, Othello, etc.

In order to analyze Shakespearean plays, it is essential to know what the theatre looked like during the time of his work and following existing trends in writing plays. When Shakespeare first moved to London at the late 16th century, theatre was changing its traditional appearance. Two different trends of dramatic traditions were combined by the authors into the one, called Elizabethan synthesis. The most popular form of theatre at that time was Tudor morality plays, the mixture of farce, slapstick and piety. The plot and the characters in such plays were not realistic, but symbolic. Classical aesthetic theory was another dramatic tradition, which was originally derived from Aristotle. Plays were staged upon the basis of Roman closet drama and were usually performed in Latin. Distinctive feature of such kind of plays is that they were more static with lengthy dialogue, rather then showing physical actions.

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When Shakespeare began to write his plays, both writing traditions were still relevant. During the period of Renaissance in England, morality and academic plays popularity was growing supported by two revolutionists of theatre- Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd. Their plays combined the morality drama of an old type with more contemporary classical theory. The meanings of new style plays were more complex and profound, an also less concentrated upon simple allegory. Shakespeare was very much inspired by this new artistic style, and began to write plays that were speaking not to the emotional conditions of the audience, but also to its mind, debating upon the basic elements of how is it to be human and what does that mean. Such approaches were relating to the tragedies, but comedy plays also experiences changes and transformation, but from the hands of John Lyly and George Peele. They offered new play models for comedies, which included romantic action, witty dialogues and exotic locations, and eventually formed the Shakespeare’s comedic writing style.

Shakespeare’s tragedies of the Elizabethan period were also historical plays with tragic design (Richard II, for instance) shows that his writing style was independent from the classical model.

Thou chidest me well: proud
Bolingbroke, I come
To change blows with thee for our day of doom.
This ague fit of fear is over-blown;
An easy task it is to win our own.
Say, Scroop, where lies our uncle with his power?
Speak sweetly, man, although thy looks be sour.

But still he took the notion of decorum from Horace and Aristotle; he was focusing predominantly upon national affairs as the subject of the tragedy, as well as upon high-born characters. This is the early period in his tragedy plays and the moralities style can be easily observed. The influence of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine is obvious. But despite the influence, Shakespeare shows more restrain than Marlowe did, and has more detailed and skeptical attitudes to his characters. The earliest tragedy of Shakespeare is Titus Andronicus, which lost its popularity during Victorian age. This is what Nurse says in the Act 4, Scene 2:

A joyless, dismal, black, and sorrowful issue!
 Here is the babe, as loathsome as a toad
Amongst the fair-fac'd breeders of our clime;
 The Empress sends it thee, thy stamp, thy seal,
And bids thee christen it with thy dagger's point.

Shakespeare’s early comedies are very romantic and are written in new comedy style. They are famous for romantic intrigues, influenced by Lyly, and less attention in them are paid to deceit, jests and witty dialogues.

At the end of the reign of Elizabeth, Shakespeare reached the maturity as the writer. During first years of the James’s reign, he responded to the dramatic shift in the tastes of the pubic and appeared to introduce the new fashion for tragicomedy by establishing darker and more profound visions of natures of the characters derived from the environments of pervasive corruption. This period in his work is referred to as Jacobean and was influenced by the plays of young satiric dramatists. Carol in 1967-67 wrote about tragedy of that period Troilus and Cressida: “Troilus and Cressida, that most vexing and ambiguous of Shakespeare's plays, strikes the modern reader as a contemporary document—its investigation of numerous infidelities, its criticism of tragic pretensions, above all, its implicit debate between what is essential in human life and what is only existential are themes of the twentieth century. [...] This is tragedy of a special sort—the "tragedy" the basis of which is the impossibility of conventional tragedy”.

Shakespeare’s writing style is difficult not to be recognized. Many passages of his plays are written in prose, and those that are not –follow iambic pentameter. In his early works (Romeo and Juliet, for instance) punctuation at the end of iambic pentameters was added to intensify the rhyme. Juliet speaks in the Capulet’s orchard to her nurse in the 2nd scene:

O, break, my heart! poor bankrupt, break at once!
To prison, eyes, ne'er look on liberty!
Vile earth, to earth resign; end motion here;
And thou and Romeo press one heavy bier!

Rhyming couplet for suspense and holding audiences breathe was also frequently used at the end of the scenes. This is how it is done in Macbeth, when Macbeth leaves the stage for Duncan murder:

Hear is not Duncan; for it is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or hell.

Humor is also the key element of Shakespearean plays, influenced by Plautus. One of the most entertaining scenes are of course reflected in his comedies, but can be also found in Hamlet and Henry IV (1st part). One of the most outstanding features in Shakespearean plays is the use of soliloquies (Maurer, 2005), when the hero speaks to himself and the audience is able to understand his inner experiences, motivations and conflicts. One of the most famous soliloquies is the monologue of Hamlet:

To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them?
To die: to sleep;
 No more; and by a sleep to say we end…

One of my favorite soliloquies is that of Macbeth in Act 5, Scene 5, 19-28:

To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
 Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
 The way to dusty death.
Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
 And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
 Signifying nothing.

Speaking about the source material and ideas Shakespeare used in his plays, it is important to mention that he used as the basis plays of other playwrights and just retell old stories in the new manner, as well as studied thoroughly historical information. This dependence upon already written material was stipulated with the fact that plays at that period of time were written very quickly and the rewritten old stories were likely to have more popularity and larger audiences. Reason of aesthetic origin was also present, as aesthetic theory of the Renaissance period dictated severely that the tragic historical moment should be memorized and grounded in history. But it was only about historical plays and tragedies- for comedies Shakespeare had not involved any definite source.

There is also much dispute regarding the chronology of the Shakespearean plays, as well as their authorship. There are three key stylistic grouping to which the plays of Shakespeare can be referred. To the first grouping of plays relate plays that were written during the last decade of the 16th century. Shakespeare’s early plays are predominantly adaptations for the works of other playwrights and in style little rhythm variation can be observed. Many of his famous comedies were written during that period to cheer people up after the plague hit. The second grouping of plays starts with Julius Caesar written in 1599. This period can be called the darkest one, as during it Shakespeare wrote his most famous dramas (Macbeth, King Lear and Hamlet) and was mainly addressing such themes as power, egoism, betrayal, murder and lust. And finally the last grouping of plays is late romances of Shakespeare, which were somewhat similar to romance literature of medieval times (Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Cymbeline, the Tempest and The Winter’s Tale). They all have happy ends and include magic or some fantastic elements.

In the conclusion, I would like to summarize that Shakespearean plays are unique and genuine. Even though they were influenced by many dramatists of the period, they are outstanding heritage of the epoch, which had taken its glory through centuries and seems that will keep alive forever. Even at present moment they are equally relevant and entertaining, which the sign that they are real masterpieces.
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Sunday, April 1, 2012

Gustave Courbet Research Paper

Gustave Courbet Research Paper

Vivid and bright, his pictures fill me with emotions that I can not describe at once. They are true. The way we see the world I think. I see his picture The Desperate Man, but I do not even need to know the title of this canvas. I know it looking into the eyes of the man. Passionate and desperate. His eyes. I can read everything in them but it is not an alive person in front of me. It is a picture, the man is the painter’s invention. But it does not matter at all. I see his life in his eyes and his wrung hands, clutching his hair. He is young but he has suffered. Swollen veins, simple clothes. He is a worker. Stop. I have got carried away, but it is justified by Courbet’s talent.

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Is his painting typical for the nineteenth century art? Being a founder of realism, he revolutionized the canons of western art. Even for the canons of realism, which he created, he was an innovator. He never tried to reach the perfection of lines and of form. Everything should be natural, including any drawbacks and imperfection of people, nature, relations. Both his landscapes and portraits bear this imprint of his desire to depict everything as it is. No linking with past – past time, past traditions of art, past ideals.

Sharp lines, nothing extra, clear images of people. We see everything: their pain, happiness, worries – all tinges of feelings… it is amazing. It seems we see a photograph of a moment taken out of life. Jo, the Beautiful Irish Woman, Young Ladies on the Bank of the Seine, The Meeting… These pictures seem so simple and so clear. The author says what he wants to say, nothing more, nothing is hidden. Everything is on the surface. But we see the real life of people without any embellishment.

Another picture and another flow of emotions and thoughts… This time it is a landscape – a sea-piece. You cast a glance at the picture and you want to step back – it seems the wave will wash you away. It is formidable, massive, but it bewitches you. You can not look aside and you can not move… This wave evokes something in you, something rebellious and hidden. The Wave – simply and briefly. But the title is as the picture – nothing extra – only feelings, perhaps that I have never felt before.

Is it necessary to tell whether these pictures are fresh nowadays? If not, then why do they fascinate and make revolution in you? Will I be too audacious if I say that Courbet’s works are beyond analysis? Something special, not similar to others, at least, it seems to me so. Despite the depicted time, people’s feelings and problems remain the same. The epoch does not matter, if we are able to empathize with others, to feel and to hear what others want to tell us. Do not pay attention to the clothes of Courbet’s characters and it will seem to you that these are people from the house next door…
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Modern Art Research Paper

Modern Art Research Paper

Lucian Freud’s art collection of painted portraits and etchings is an impressive stratum of modern art. He is equally skilled and talented in both arts, and he proves it by creating series of portraits in both paint and etching.

What is really making his works stand out is Freud’s realistic representation of being and even exaggerating approach to reality. Faces and bodies with minor defects, flaws, tired looks, drooping skin, sitters mainly avoiding eye-contacting the artist.

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As the painting provides more freedom with color and tint, Lucian Freud’s palette is comparatively muted. Still, he manages to impress the audience by the naked truth of the human nature as it is now. He has made series of portraits of his relatives – his widowed mother, his wife, daughters. Obviously intimacy and attachment are important factors for creating realistic artworks for Freud.

This realistic approach to depicting the humans might have certainly been “hereditary”, so much as we know of his grandfather is that he was the one to see-through and get to the core of human souls. Lucian depicts his sitters in seemingly inconvenient poses, disturbingly close to the viewer, sometimes the pictures dominate. He also uses no background details, as if not to distract the viewer’s attention from the portrait itself, from the core of the message depicted on the canvas.

Let us now pay attention to the series of portraits etched and painted equally skillfully.

There is a temptation to compare Lucian Freud’s Reflection, the self-portrait, because both the etching and the painted portrait make great impression on the spectators. But it is truly a piece of art worth paying more rapt attention, so let us discuss Freud’s painted portrait of the New Yorker, and the etching of the same man, both works relatively recent, taking into consideration Lucien Freud’s art career of over 6 decades.

The New Yorker is a man in his 50s, modern-type, smart looking, good appearance. Freud uses composition techniques of attracting attention to the sitter – his face is 85% of the etching itself, the face tired, thoughtful, having the touch of modern life haste and problem-solving. The wrinkled face in deep shadows emphasizes the realistic approach to Freud’s portrait-making.

The same face can be found on “New Yorker in the blue shirt”, oil on canvas, also 2006.

One can not mistake – it’s the same man looking at us, just more distant, maybe even less aggressive, the colors bringing more softness to his features, but still no bright tints, all muted, except for maybe the shirt.

The realism of the portraits is both painting and etching is something I admire most with Lucian Freud. If there ever will be any other artist like that, I would praise the nature. Still, I believe he should be thankful to be born into this family, with such heritage, and such history. Lucian Freud has made his grandfather’s name even more famous. Freud achieved the reputation of the most renowned portrait painter of the 20th century and an equally accomplished print maker and he does deserve it.
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