Saturday, September 22, 2012

Steps Writing a Persuasive Research Paper

Steps: Writing a Persuasive Research Paper

Writing a persuasive research paper is one of the most important tasks for every student. Students have to master the skills of persuasive writing to develop their professional skills and skills to present information properly. When a student can carry out the aim of his research, explain the purpose of writing, he will not have any problems with studying, because the major aim of education is to teach young people communicate, think clearly and judge soberly. It is obvious, that the majority of students has problems with persuasive writing, because of the lack of experience and appropriate knowledge. Here you can find professional persuasive research paper writing tips, which will be at hand for every student.

Persuasive Research Paper Writing Guidelines:
  1. Choose the Right Topic. It is an advantage when you manage to choose the best topic which is closely connected with your life and interests. It does not worth mentioning that a good topic, which is interesting for you will be prepared more scrupulously and successfully than a boring, unfamiliar one. When the topic is connected with your life, you have better chances to explain its value and fill it with the elements of your life experience.
  2. Choose the Key Points of the Topic. When you plan to persuade the reader in the value of your research, try to narrow your topic as much as possible. If the topic is broad, there is no sense to research it, because it will require too much time and efforts. Moreover, you will have problems with the arrangement and structuring of the data and you will surely mix things. In order to avoid such unpleasant moments, make your topic narrower.
  3. Brainstorm a Good Thesis Statement. Writing a persuasive research paper you should remember about the most important thing - a proper thesis statement. The paper is called persuasive, because you have to persuade the reader in the importance of your research with the help of a catchy thesis statement. If you manage to create a good thesis statement which will reflect the purpose and the importance of the research, it will be a success. The reader should see these brief but persuasive words and realize the importance of your work.
  4. Research the Topic and Draw Wise Conclusions. If you want to persuade the reader in the value of the research paper, conduct quality investigation. Collect reliable data and evidence which totally support your point of view and present the information logically to make the whole paper look well-structured and nice. Good organization and trustworthy evidence will make your persuasive research paper look high-quality and valuable.
If you find this information useless, you can get a non-plagiarized custom research paper prepared by professional academic experts.

Tuesday, September 11, 2012

Scientific Method Research Paper

Scientific Method Research Paper

Long time ago scientists started arguing about the way to better investigate the world. At first it was considered that the world should be investigated through only talking, without having to bring any scientific proof. However, this method was unreliable and could not determine whether the statements that were put forward were correct or not. After some time passed this method was not applied anymore because the humanity started to be looking for proofs and nobody would just rely on the proofless words of even a great scientist. That was the way the scientific method of research came to be developed. Today most of the science is based on this procedure and this method is simply a “tool” that scientists use to find the answers to questions.

 

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Scientific method is the process of thinking through the possible solutions to a problem and testing each possibility to find the best solution. The scientific method involves the following stages that I would like to describe below. To begin with a person puts in front if him/herself a question he wants to learn about. Then one should conduct a research and gather all the needed information. Having worked on the information and gotten the full picture of the question one should put forward a hypothesis, an educated guess about the answer to the question. After that one should design an experiment to prove or disprove the suggested hypothesis and then collect the data that was obtained during the experiment. To bring the experiment to an end the description of what was noticed during the experiment should be written down and the conclusion was the hypothesis correct or incorrect should be made.

An experiment that can be obtained using the scientific method can be as follows: we may wonder whether the rate at which grass grows does not depend on the amount if life received. We should conduct a research and for example state a hypothesis that the rate at which grass grows is not dependent on the amount of light it receives. It order to make an experiment we may have the grass exposed to no light and grass with light and observe the growth rate. After having collected the data and written down observations related to our experiment we would be able to conclude the experiment and prove or disprove the hypothesis.

As you can see for the above, the scientific method can be considered to be the best way for winnowing the truth from delusion.

It was never easy for humans to distinguish the living from nonliving. For example in 15 century people believed that nonliving things could spontaneously turn into living things or vise versa. Now we know, however, that such cases do not exist. To make the determining whether something is living or nonliving the scientists came up with characteristics that are shared by living things. I would like to describe these characteristics below.

To begin with living things exhibit a high level of organization, they are multicellular organisms and maintain a dynamic, internal environment. Next, living things are suited to their mode of existence that allow them to survive in their environment. Other characteristics of all living are the ability for reproduction and heredity and growth and development, which is true even for single-celled organisms. Another characteristic is that the living things acquire and release energy, and the last but not least one is that all the living things have a tendency to interact with their environment as well as each other. (Farabee)

It must be noted that if something follows one or just a few of the characteristics listed above, it does not automatically mean that it is living. To be considered alive, an object must exhibit all of the characteristics of living things. A good example of this is the fire. The fire is suggested by many to be alive. And the arguments for that are clear: it breathes oxygen, and eats wood. However in fact the fire is not alive, it has many characteristics of living organisms, but one should not consider it living because it does not have a cellular structure that is one of the characteristics of living things.

To sum up I would like to say that the knowledge I have obtained having learned about the questions mentioned in the paper was useful. For example I can use the scientific method to solve the problem I face in my life. It would be much easier for me now to solve the problem using the mature research, putting forward a possible solution-hypothesis and then come up with a solution. It is also important to be able to determine whether a thing if alive or nonliving because it helps to form the clear view of the world and know how to responds to the behavior of all its parts.
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This is a free research paper on Scientific Method topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Scientific Method for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Monday, September 10, 2012

Jan Van Eyck Research Paper

The works of Jan Van Eyck – Madonna of Chancellor Rolin, Lucca Madonna, Arnolfini Portrait

Jan van Eyck, one of the most famous painters of the Middle Ages, lived in the fifteenth century in the Netherlands. As a court painter, he was very famous and extremely well-paid if compared with other painters in Netherlands. He was at the court of Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy where he was very respected and appreciated. It is known that the Duke was a godfather of one of the painter’s children and supported his family after Jan van Eyck’s death. All these facts prove van Eyck’s exceptional status at court, which was gained by his extraordinary gift for painting. Moreover, the Duke often sent the painter on different missions, which might have included not only painting, but also some other affairs. However, except two portraits painted at that time, we know nothing particular about these missions.

Jan van Eyck was a learned person – he knew Latin and was experienced in the classics of painting. The masterpieces that he created made him a prominent person not only in his time but also throughout the centuries. Except painting at court, van Eyck also worked for private clients.

 

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Among the most famous van Eyck’s paintings there are Ghent Altarpiece, Madonna with the Child Reading, Madonna in the Church, Arnolfini Portrait, Lucca Madonna, Madonna of Chancellor Rolin etc. These masterpieces became classical in the art history and brought fame to the Netherlandian School of painters, being at the center of attention throughout six centuries. The talent and unsurpassed skill of Jan van Eyck is proved by the numerous disputes around his paintings. Again and again, scientists focus their attention on van Eyck’s works, discussing the play of colors, the perspective and the three-dimensional character of the masterpieces. For a long time Jan van Eyck was considered the inventor of oil paining. In fact, it was not he, but this delusion indicates the painter’s contribution to the art. He created such amazing oil paintings that everybody thought he invented something new. However, he just managed to use them so skillfully that opened a new era in painting. Likewise, analyzing his painting The Arnofilini Portrait, modern researchers argue whether this picture was painted with the help of a convex mirror, so that the painter gained such a perfect perspective; others tried to find out whether it was a kind of a document attesting a marriage; not mentioning a large number of symbols, which are found and tried to be interpreted in the work.

To begin with, it is necessary to describe the picture The Arnofilini Portrait. Being the oldest picture, painted in oils, this canvas is thought the most complex work in the whole history of the Western art. It abounds in various symbols and astonishes with its accuracy. The painting depicts a couple standing in a room, perhaps in their house in Bruges, a Flemish city. There are different opinions concerning the depicted people. For a long time it was thought that it was a portrait of Giovanni di Arrigo Arnolfini and his wife. However, having found out that, in fact, they were married several years after van Eyck’s death, scholars have come to a conclusion that the portrait depicts Giovanni di Arrigo’s cousin Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife. Moreover, he might have been the artist’ friend as he was also depicted in later van Eyck’s works.

With the help of different details, Jan van Eyck shows the family’s prosperity: rich clothes made of expensive cloth and embellished with fur; the jewelries, which seem rather plain, but would have been valued as very expensive by contemporary people; a large brass chandelier and extremely expensive at that time oranges, which lay casually on a table. All these details make the impression of a very wealthy family.

As it has already been mentioned, the portrait abounds in symbols, very often disguised, yet very significant. The way van Eyck places the figures in the picture is not accidental. The man stands near the window, which symbolizes his connection with the outer world, while his wife is near the bed, which shows her responsibility for the family. While the man looks directly in front of him and is the head of the family, the woman’s status is easily guessed by her dutiful look at her husband. The colors used in the painting are also symbolistic. The green color of the woman’s clothes might symbolize the hope to be a mother and the white color of her headgear means her purity. The dog by their side symbolizes fidelity in the marriage. However, a more significant place in the composition of the picture is occupied by more hidden symbols, which are mostly connected with the combination of divine and mortal worlds.

The frame of a convex mirror on the opposite wall is decorated with small medallions that represent scenes from the Passion of Christ, which increases the symbolism of the mirror as of God’s eye watching the sacrament of matrimony. The mirror is surrounded by beads from the one side and by a brush, meaning the care about the house, from the other. Scholars attribute presence of these objects to the painter’ wish to mention the Christian dispensation “ora et labora”. The oranges symbolize the immaculacy and chastity that were in the Eden before the Fall from grace. Thus we see that all symbols show the essential unity of the worldly act of marriage and its blessing by Heavens.

Basing on the theory, claiming that when the painting was painted the wife had already died, we can interpret another detail, which seems rather symbolic. There is one burning candle in the chandelier that is situated on the side of the man, while on the side of the woman there is a candle snuff. It shows that man is alive and his wife is dead. On the other hand, one may see the candle, lit in daytime as a symbol of the presence of the light of God.

Besides such profusion of symbols that can be interpreted in different ways and that show the method of disguised symbolism used by Jan van Eyck, there are other stumbling blocks that caused many disputes. For example, the chandelier painted with perfect perspective led researchers to the idea that it was painted with the help of a convex mirror. Numerous experiments were made in order to find out whether it was possible for a painter to depict it so perfectly. As it turned out, it was.

Therefore, it proves that Jan van Eyck was a true talented painter. The convex mirror, which he painted on the back wall, also plays an important role in the perspective of the picture. There we can see Jan van Eyck and his companion reflected. It adds some air of mystery and seems to lead us to another world, besides it expands the space.

To continue the topic of divine world depiction in Jan van Eyck’s paintings, it is worth mentioning such his works as Madonna of Chancellor Rolin and Lucca Madonna. They are considered icons as there van Eyck used many Christian motifs and depicted saints.

The painting Madonna of Chancellor Rolin depicts the Blessed Virgin showing the child Jesus to the Chancellor Rolin. The scene takes place in a large decorated with columns balcony, which affords a fine view on a city and a river. As in The Arnofilini Portrait, all the textures and details are perfectly executed and claim special attention. The crown held by the angel, the upper parts of columns, the Virgin’s mantle are depicted in details. The range of colors occupies a particular place in van Eyck’s icons. Color is to a certain degree the outward sign of individual objects of the real and the imag­inary world, which catches your eye first of all. It is a mark of identification of the objects depicted. Though, the representational, figurative, identifying role of color is the first, it is not the main thing, by any means. The second importance of color is the moral or spiritual signifi­cance. Here the theological basis of icon painting reveals itself. Colors in icons express not so much the emotions of man: joy or sorrow, peace or excite­ment— above all they express man’s spiritual uplift.

In the painting, van Eyck again depicts the meeting of two worlds – mortal and divine. Rolin is surrounded by the objects from the world where he lives. We can see different symbols around him, which we cannot find near the Virgin. For example, the reliefs that depict Seven deadly sins and the tiny figures of rabbits at the base of a column that symbolize lust. You won’t find these elements on the side of the Virgin and Christ. On their side, there is an angel and flowers in blossom. Again, as in the above-mentioned picture the Virgin and Rolin are not alone. At the back of the painting, there are two people. Some scholars attribute their presence to the portraying of people reflected in the mirror in The Arnofilini Portrait and suggest that one of them can be van Eyck. In this painting, van Eyck also used the perspective by depicting the view onto the city and thus, expands the space.

A traditional motif so characteristic of icons and used in many van Eyck’s works is so called the Throne of Wisdom. It is the depiction of sitting Saint Mary who holds the Child on her knees. This image is further elaborated in Lucca Madonna where it is painted with even more attention to the details.

The picture Lucca Madonna is one of the latest painter’s works. It also depicts the Virgin, holding the Infant Jesus on her knees and breastfeeding him. It is necessary to mention that the prototype for the Virgin is believed to be the painter’s wife, Margaretha. As it has been already mentioned, the Virgin is compared to an altar. Jan van Eyck intensifies the comparison by the white cloth, on which the Child is sitting and the piscine that is situated near the throne where the Virgin sits. The throne has also a symbolic meaning. Due to four statues of lions, it can be associated with Solomon’s throne that had twelve lions. Moreover, we can draw an analogy with The Arnofilini Portrait, as both there and in this picture we can see oranges as a symbol of purity. Lucca Madonna differs from already analyzed paintings as it presents a rather small chapel, where even the throne seems to be too big.

The problems that have worried scholars for a long time concern the perspective that Jan van Eyck used in his works. There are a lot of arguments about the accuracy of his paintings and a new type of perspective. Thus, Karl Doehlemann considered “Jan was an experimenter whose “errors” led from medieval parallel perspective to a kind of empirical vanishing-area perspective”, while another scholar James Elkins thought that “an attentive observer can discern something more than a single “vanishing area” even without drawing lines on reproductions” (Elkins, 1991).

To conclude, it is necessary to state that the unsurpassed talent of Jan van Eyck is out of discussion. Being the greatest artist in his time, he made a considerable contribution into Western art history. Despite being created in the fifteenth century, all his works are in the center of attention throughout centuries and astonish scholars with their accuracy and style. The perspective of this works, despite all disputes that it caused, the magnificent depiction of mortal and divine words, the three-dimensional nature of all objects, and of course great symbolism and attention to the details, which is so characteristic of Jan van Eyck, make his works incomparable. The interplay of colors occupies a particular place in van Eyck’s paintings and, especially in his icons. Independent of subjects, independent of the feelings they are able to express or awaken, they comprise a singu­lar entity in every icon, an entity which, while having no direct connection with man or his impres­sions, is of enormous value to him, attracted him, captivated him and revealed to him the innermost meaning of life.
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This is a free research paper on Jan Van Eyck topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Jan Van Eyck for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Wednesday, September 5, 2012

Common Mistakes in Writing Research Papers

Common Mistakes in Writing Research Papers

The height of the mark always depends on the quality of the research paper, but even the best research paper with reliable content can not be graded with the highest mark, if it is full of stylistic and grammar mistakes or some small obscure errors. That is why every student who wants to complete a perfect research paper has to pay much attention to every point of the paper, every section and citation. Here you can find the list of the most common mistakes in writing research papers and do your best to avoid them in your own papers.

1. The most typical mistake at the very beginning is the disability of students to create a good thesis statement which reflects the purpose and the problem of the research. If you miss this important point, it will be difficult to understand what you are going to research, why you want to research this topic and what you are going to achieve, that is why spend some time to brainstorm a captive urgent thesis statement which can briefly describe the purpose of your investigation.

2. The next mistake is the omission of a detailed outline of the research paper. A good outline will make your paper look well-organized and logically structured. When the thoughts are presented in a good order, smoothly but not chaotically, it is easier to catch the idea and the progress of the investigation.

3. Another mistake is the failure in the presentation of the evidence. Students often forget to support their thoughts with the results of the research of the famous scholars who have investigated this topic before. Try to add at least several quotations with support your ideas but do not overload your paper with them. It is perfect to choose short but captive quotations, facts which are close to the topic under research and never paraphrase the text of the original, or you can be accused of plagiarism.

4. The most common mistake is the usage of the improper format and omission of citations. When you write a research paper, ask your supervisor about the required format, unless you want your paper to be accepted. Then, looking for reliable data and evidence, do no forget to cite the quotations which you use in your paper, because you will be caught on plagiarism. A teacher will recognize the work of the professional scholar at once and you will not be able to prove that you did not have any intention to steal his ideas.

5. Finally, many students are so happy to have completed their research paper, that they forget to proofread it carefully. Check spelling and punctuation with the help of your PC and reread it several times to make sure the grammar is right and whether the paper sounds well. 

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Sunday, September 2, 2012

Research Paper on Media Influence

How the media treats the issue of the threat of disease outbreaks and epidemics?

Media coverage of disease epidemics and deadly viruses that endanger humanity at large has always been regulated and controlled by the government, at least to some extent. The reason for such situation is that when a deadly virus threats the well being of the whole country, the government is usually blamed for its inability to handle the situation. In order to control the flow of events and reaction, as well as to prevent large-scale panic among the population, the government influences significantly media coverage, in many cases trying to find a scapegoat in order to avoid being blamed by the country’s citizens. The most vivid example that illustrates this process is situation with the AIDS.

 

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The development of government policy on AIDS has been the subject of a number of studies which identify several distinctive stages through which policy has evolved (William, 1998). The initial phase of the disease in the early 1980s is characterized as one of official neglect. AIDS was seen as an illness confined to marginal groups in society, drug users, haemophiliacs and, above all, gay men. After a period of indifference and resistance to what was happening to people with AIDS, a growing climate of panic culminated in calls for urgent action to counter what was seen as a growing threat to all of society. The government had to do something in order to avoid for its lack of preventive actions, and the best way they thought suitable was blaming marginal groups of people for disseminating the virus.

In 1986 official reaction to AIDS entered into what has been described as a ‘period of wartime emergency’ (Lorraine, 1991). “We are, to put it bluntly, locked in permanent evolutionary war with the earth’s bacteria and viruses.” (NEWSTATESMAN, 2007) This was the idea that the government realized but did not know how to handle the situation that has arisen. The fight against AIDS became a political priority for the government as a consequence of the growing public fears about contagion. This period witnessed the government take the lead in efforts to educate the public about the disease and prevent the spread of the virus. However, at the same time, the government officials manipulated the media in such a way that allowed them to show that only marginal groups of people were affected by AIDS, and that they were to be blamed for this, rather than the government.

How exactly the government influenced media coverage? Disease has always been a large part of the output of the mass media on health and medical matters. According to content analyses made of the American press, disease constitutes one in four stories on health-related matters (Lorraine, 1991). This reflects the importance attached to the news value of sex and death which have long been staple features of good copy. When AIDS appeared it fitted the bill. But reporting AIDS was also a challenge to the professional competence of health and medical correspondents. Journalists faced the task of covering the new disease under constant pressure from the government authorities that desired to see only certain aspects of it covered.

There is a tendency in discussing the response to AIDS to assume that policy makers acted on or reacted to a particular line from the ‘media’. This view of the conformity in the media’s approach to the disease is reinforced by analysis which utilizes an ideological approach to explain the limitations of media coverage. The media’s coverage of AIDS was substantively structured by institutional homophobia.

The media was being ‘locked into an agenda which blocks out any approach to the subject which does not conform in advance to the values and language of a profoundly homophobic culture’ (Lorraine, 1991).

The focus in the media reporting of AIDS was as a ‘gay plague’ with gay men represented as guilty victims. (William, 1998) It cannot be denied that American deeply homophobic culture provided the context in which all media had to report AIDS. There were many examples of prejudicial and anti-gay stories in the press and on television, particularly in the early phase of the disease. But such an analysis neglects other factors which shaped how the media reported AIDS. It fails to account for the variations which were apparent in the reporting of AIDS between and within different media.

The extent to which divergences in accounts exist within newspapers reflects the nature of editorial control. AIDS was covered by general reporters and freelance writers as well as regular medical or health correspondents. Much of the material on health pages is contributed by freelance writers with varying degrees of experience and knowledge. News stories, however, are the realm of the specialist correspondents. (Lorraine, 1991)

Most newspapers employ specialist medical and health reporters, with the exception of some of the tabloid papers and much of the reporting of AIDS was undertaken by them. Tension developed between these correspondents and general news reporters who began to report more and more about AIDS as the illness became a big, front-page story. Health and medical correspondents were appalled at some of the antics of general reporters or national press stringers (William, 1998). They believed that the general reporters, particularly those on tabloid papers, were responsible for much of the ‘shoddy journalism’, that is, the gay bashing, victim blaming sensational copy. (William, 1998)

“Being skeptical about official statements, although often justified, is not enough.” (WHO Outbreak Communication, 2007) AIDS appealed to sense of social responsibility which was reinforced in 1987 when the government defined the AIDS crisis as similar to a wartime emergency. Prior to this campaign, when AIDS was seen as a disease affecting deviant and marginal groups, reporting was often initiated by specialist correspondents who saw it as ‘our duty and our responsibility’ to cover the disease. (Lorraine, 1991) This often was in the face of the indifference and hostility of news editors.

Many specialist correspondents believed their role was to convince their news organizations of the need to report the disease. In some cases this led some correspondents to play a more active part in the issue of AIDS than the professional ideology of neutrality would anticipate. One tabloid correspondent said that her strategy was to ‘try and get as many experts on the phone to rubbish it. You can’t just sit there rubbishing it yourself, you’re a reporter of other people, but you’re selective about who you’re picking up the phone to get’ (William, 1998).

The issue of government influence on the media coverage in America is especially important, because it may also affect other countries. “The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is currently financing health system strengthening in the developing world, in addition to the already robust support from the Fund for health care infrastructure and human resources.” (Global Aids Alliance, 2007) However, with this financing also comes the official propaganda of the vision of the epidemic imposed by the American authorities.
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This is a free research paper on Media Influence topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Media Influence for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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