Research Project on Geology

Circulation- Deep ocean circulation consists of water that is warmed at the equator by the sun flows into the North Atlantic, where it is cooled and becomes more salty because of evaporation. This cold, salty water sinks to the seafloor and forms a huge sea rive. The deep water flows through the oceans, welling up where winds push away warm surface water. This transfer of salty water is balanced by fresh water evaporated from the Atlantic and carried to the Pacific by the atmosphere. There it falls as rain, diluting the upwelling salty water with fresh water. Together deep ocean currents and atmospheric circulation transport huge amounts of heat and salt around the globe.

The oceans surface layer, from 100- 400 meters deep, is heated by the sun are mixed by the wind. The thermocline is the transition zone between the warm surface water and the cold deep water. Four fifths of the world seawater lies below 500 meters. In much of the world ocean, this deep water is not heated by the atmosphere.

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Water cycle - water cycle water is a part of the Earth, its atmosphere and all of its living organisms. As the chief force responsible for weathering and erosion it shapes the surface of our planet. Water travels from ocean to atmosphere, by evaporation, and from atmosphere to ocean by precipitation. The circulation of water from one reservoir to another consumes or releases energy, moderating Earth's temperature.

Rock cycle- Rocks uplifted in mountains erode and form sediments. The sediments collect in basins, at the mouths of rivers, and on the ocean floor. Sediments are buried by other sediments driving out water from underlying layers and beginning the process that converts them into sedimentary rocks. Deeply sedimentary rocks recrystallized by heat and pressure, reactive flow in what it then becomes melted. As heat and pressure is increased, rocks may melt to become granite magmas which eventually solidify.

The rock cycle takes eons. It strongly affects the carbon and other geochemical cycles by locking up critical elements for tens to hundreds of millions of years. Over the age of the Earth, some rocks have passed many times through the complete cycle.

Rock Deformation- Rocks seem to be rigid and unyielding, but given enough time they can change shape, even flow. Unlike cold, brittle rocks, hot rocks under pressure are ductile- they flow and deform like putty. The dramatic folds exposed on mountainsides and in the samples that were shown in this exhibit were created when rocks were deformed in this way. Similar folds are forming today deep in the roots of mountains.

Plate Tectonics- Plate Tectonics has emerged as one of the grand unifying theories of geology. It connects seemingly unrelated features and events of the planet, its continents and oceans, its mountains, its volcanoes and earthquakes to a single global process. That process is the slow movement of plates on the Earth's surface. These rigid plates are continually being formed, altered, and consumed they move on the mantle below and the carry the continents along with them.

Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics, Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries where plates spread apart, earthquakes are shallow and small when plates slip past each other, they are shallow but frequently large. The San Andreas fault is such a boundary. Where ore plate dives beneath another. These earthquakes occur at various depths from shallow to deep. The Great Alasken Earthquakes of 1964 are of the largest ever recorded. It took place at a collision plate boundary.

Faulting earthquake occur when rocks break, forming called faults S-wave, (arrive after P-wave), occur only on mantle, not outer core and inner since January 1960-1996 69,396 earthquakes have been recorded. P-waves travel fast, arrive first at seismic station, they touch all mantle, outer and inner core.

Earthquakes and the Earth's internal structure. Seismologists study shock, or seismic, waves as they travel through the Earth's interior. These waves originate from natural sources like Earthquakes, and from artificial sources like man made explosions.

Weather and Climate- Weather and state of the atmosphere in a region over days and weeks, climate is the average state of the weather . Both are described by temperature, air pressure, cloudiness, moisture, wind speed and wind direction. Many factors influence climate, the atmosphere, the oceans, the solid Earth, ice sheets, and life itself. It is the complex interaction of all of these influences that regulates climate and climate change.

References- American Museum Of Natural History, all exhibits that were based in the Hall of Planet Earth.

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