Research Project on India

Why do you think Enron was willing to shoulder the risk of making such a significant investment in India? What long run benefits did the company forsee? Do you think these benefits compensated for the risks involved?

India is a developing country with an underdeveloped economy. Since independence in 1947 India had a number of restrictions on foreign investments and it imposed number of trade barriers in the form of high import duties. However by the 90s India opened its doors to foreign investors.Former prime minster, Narsimha Rao requested Enron to make an investment in India in the form of an independent power project. Enron accepted the request and then begins the Enron saga. Enron was assured 16% return on investments. The rate of return after the agreement worked out to be 32%. Usually return on investment in the US would have been around 8%. The higher rate of return was attributed to risk associated with establishing a power plant in India. Considering the uncertain electricity market in the U.S, I would not agree that risk in India was too much.Also when the government of India was assuring the rate of return where was the risk?

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The reason why Enron was so keen on setting up an LNG plant was that they had an LNG processing unit worth $4 billion in Qatar and they wanted a strong market like India to buy the output that was produced in Qatar. That is why although the Dabhol power plant was not economically feasible Enron was still interested in setting up a power palnt in India. Secondly the west coast where the power plant was located was close to the Gulf states,as a result cost of shipping LNG would be very low.

Next Enron thought that power availability would set up new industries in the region and increase the economic growth rate of the country.As a result purchasing power of India would increase which would result in outflow of precious foreign exchange. Not only this but growth potential would position Enron well in the global market place.

Enron did see many long run benefits:
Firstly after the success of a power project in a developing country like India,Enron would gain a very high image amongst other developing countries ie they would be able to capture energy markets in other countries as well.Thats what happened!!After the deal was struck with India Enron had power projects coming up in countires like Brazil, Bolivia, China etc.

Secondly the profits that Enron would earn would be extremely high compared to the cost.The main reason being cheap and freely available labour to run and maintain the plant.

Last but not the least, gaining access to business in India, the worlds largest democracy, Enron would be able to develop long term relationship which means that after its success once, India would ask them to set up more such projects which would be a benefit to no one else but Enron.

The "benefits" Enron was expecting were low cost of production, very high rate of return on investment in other words a good amount of profit, a successful global image and long term relationship with India.

The "risk" associated with investing in a country like India was very high. First of all the thought of investing in a developing country like India which has an unstable and a downward moving economy was a big risk itself, dealing with corrupt political officials was another issue. Plus selling liquefied natural gas to consumers who mostly use energy generated through burning of coal was a difficult approach because they were not sure if consumers would buy energy at approximately 4 times higher price than what was available in the domestic market.

I think Enron did not get the benefits it was expecting because of the risks associated with investing in India. There were chances of them earning a huge amount of profits. Enron struck a deal to generate 2450mega watts of energy (450mega watts higher than the original plant) at 22.6% less than the original price.Inspite of this cut Enron would have earned a very high rate of return on investment while simultaneously cutting the prices. In reality if everything worked out well they would be making profits which would not be possible abroad. But; because of the political instability the Enron power project did not last too long out and they had to return back.

Do you think Enron was right to build a risk premium into its original pricing of the Dabhol project? Should the company have foreseen that this might have been perceived as cost padding?

Yes, I think Enron was right to build a risk premium into its original pricing of the Dabhol project.Rebecca Mark was absolutely correct when she said,"In India you are suppose to have a 20% import duty on equipment.but when it comes right down to it,very common in a project is that it doesn't end up being 20% but whatever the customs inspector wants it to be on the day you get there. So you have to price that risk in."In a poor country like India bribery and corruption are the most common practices.No one is satisfied with whatever is given to them officially so they have to bank on unofficial practices to satisfy their needs and wants.Enron just did that it took all the risks (mentioned) into consideration and quoted the price.Afterall Enron was interested in doing business and not charity where its main goal was profit so it was justified to build a risk premium.

But;the risk premium was too high. Enron was asking for 4 times higher price than what was sold by domestic producers. Secondly the energy that they were trying to sell was a very new concept for the indian consumers. Basic common sence tells me that if iam trying to sell a new product in a new country I should sell it at a low price. Enron was doing just the opposite, instead of selling energy at an affordable rate it was trying to reach a peak which was next to impossible. Enron was too confident of the move it was making and therefore ultimately it did not get anything but dissatisfaction from its client (India).

What lessons about the requirements for successful investments in India can other foreign companies draw from Enrons experience with the Dabhol project?

The effects of Enrons collapse have been felt across the spectrum of financial,social and ethical circles and around the world. Enrons lessons as interpreted by economists,sociologists and everyday people have possibly changed the attitude of investors all over the world. Some of these lessons include:

Diversification of investments is important.Investors should be wary not to get carried away by substantial movements in the market, rather set a limit with a reasonable profit or loss.The Enron collapse has also allowed many to see that emotion exerts incredible influence on the markets.

In the information age, companies and consumers become more dependent on the information of the product. Belief in the integrity of information allows companies to maximize the true benefit of the information age. With the very nature of information being questioned, information based companies are finding it harder to sell their services to the consumer.

Enron tried to accomplish too much too quickly using "time is money" philosophy. It depended on the political system to get its way. Investors when investing in a foreign country should try to adapt to the host country's working environment and not stick to their system of working.

Investors should try to explore the local resources rather than importing new raw materials. Enron's high cost of importing and using LNG that was a contrast to other sources of fuel was detrimental to its success.

Is former US Ambassador William Clark right when he claims that, in the end Dabhol incident sent the right kind of signals about foreign investment in India? What kind of signals do you think it sends about investments in India?

Yes, Mr.William Clark is right when he claims that, in the end Dabhol incident sent the right kind of signals about foreign investment in India. The following are the signals Enron sent for investments in India:

First, political instability: The government of India has always made efforts to make money for themselves personally rather than for the nation as a whole, which means the level of corruption is quite high in India which the investors need to keep in mind.

Secondly, India does not follow the policy of "time is money". Investors have to be prepared for delay in completion of the projects. A lot of time is spent in sceduling meetings with the necessary officials, going thorugh negotiations and then finally striking the deal.

Lastly, I would like to say that investors should try not to be the first ones in launching their product or service. I would first want to see the results of others and then make my decision. Enron was the first company to make an independent investment in India. It was on the basis of trial and error that they carried out their operations. Now, after the whole thing other investors in India as well as abroad have learnt lessons from Enron but Enron unfortunately didn't have anyone to take lessons about the methods of working in a country like India.

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This is a free research project on India topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on India for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Research Project on Depression

Depression is also known as depressive disorders or unipolar depression, is a mental illness characterized by a profound and persistent feeling of sadness or despair and/or a loss of interest in things that were pleasurable (Rowland). Disturbance in sleeping, appetite, and mental processes are a common accompaniment. This mental disorder can dramatically impair a person's ability to function in social situations and at work. People with major depression often have feelings of despair, hopelessness, and worthlessness, as well as thoughts of committing suicide. Many only suffer from seasonal depression, also known as seasonal affective disorder and mania depression, also known as bipolar.

Everyone experiences unhappiness and sadness occasionally. When the depressing feelings start to take over everyday life without a recent loss or trauma and cause physical and mental deterioration, they become what is known as depression. Each year in the United States there is an estimated 17 million people affected with depression costing 53 billion dollars (Rowland). The number has continued to increase over the past decades. The illness affects everyone in all parts of the world, but one in four women are more likely to experience severe depression with a 10 to 20 percent lifetime prevalence, compared to 5 to 10 percent for men (Rowland). Many believing that the society's expectations of women are the main cause.

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There are two main types of depression, one of them being major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder. Major depressive disorder is a severe to moderate episode of depression lasting two or more weeks. People who have this disorder may have trouble sleeping, lose of interest in activities, experience a change in weight, have a hard time concentrating, feel worthless and hopeless. Dysthymic disorder is an ongoing chronic depression that lasts two or more weeks and in children cases lasting a year or more. They may experience a change in sleeping and eating patterns, low self-esteem, fatigue, trouble concentrating and feelings of hopelessness.

Depression is being seen in more children and teenagers. It strikes as many as 2.5 % of children and 8.3 % of teenagers in the United States today. The recent research published in Pediatrics examined psychosocial issues in thousands of children ranging from ages 4 to 15. The study found significant increases in emotional problems, including depression and anxiety. Low-grade depression or dysthymia can begin during childhood or teenage years. While full-blown depression most often starts in middle adulthood. Within five years of experiencing major depression, 20 to 40 % of teenagers are most likely to develop bipolar disorder.

There are many potential causes to having depression. The causes behind depression are complex and not yet fully understood. Many times it is not triggered by a single factor, it is a combination of many things, such as genetic vulnerability, certain forms of stress or changes in the brain. Experts are saying that there is no single or combination of genes triggering bipolar or any other form of depression. It is believed that depression is caused by the imbalance of certain neurotransmitters, which are the chemicals that are transmitting messages betweens nerve cells. The latest research is now suggesting that it is also hereditary. The people with major depression in their immediate family are up to three times more vulnerable to have the disorder, but still the environment may often trigger the disorder. Another factor in causing depression is external stresses or significant life changes, such as death of a loved one, divorce, miscarriage and losing a job.

There are a variety of different ways of treating and curing depression. The two main ways of treating and curing depression are through psychotherapy and medications. Psychotherapy is aimed at helping the patient return to a normal life style, or perhaps healthier and more satisfying. Medications are aimed to help balance the hormones and chemical imbalances that occur in the brain during depression. In addition to these treatments there are also other ways of treating the depression. Some of these treatments are aromatherapy, psychosocial, orthomolecular, cognitive-behavioral therapy, exercise, and light therapy. In using these different types of therapy, people with depression can most likely overcome this illness and live a happy, healthy life.

The main goal of the psychotherapy is to return patience to a normal healthier life. It provides more positive ways of thinking and acting and also has a positive affect on the brain. The reason for using psychosocial therapy patience are able to become more aware of their thinking patterns and how they originated. Using cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing the persons thought patterns and perceptions. The therapist helps the patient identify thought patterns, emotions and behavior that comes with them. It restrains the patient to recognize the thinking and react differently to it. Using orthomolecular therapy is the therapy that helps get chemicals to the brain and has been shown to have a positive affect on depression. Another one of the many types of therapies is light therapy, where light helps control the seasonal affective disorder. The opposite may also be used also to help treat depression.

There are different types of medicines that are used along with therapy that help someone overcome depression and successfully move on in life. Most often medication is the first choice for treating depression, especially if someone is experiencing severe depression or suicidal urges. The three different groups that antidepressants are split up in are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Benefits from taking these are not always immediately going to show. Most likely the medication is going to begin working and making a difference as quickly as two weeks.

If I had depression I don't know what I would do with it. I really don't know where my life would be if I had it starting at a young age or even now. I wouldn't be the person I am today. Sometimes I do wonder if I actually have depression because I don't like interacting with people. I have given myself an excuse not to talk to people. Now that I have found out some of the symptoms from talking to my dad, who has seasonal depression and my girl friend who is dealing with a family death. I always find the negative things in everything I do, I don't know why though. My mom even says that I might have it. She thinks that since I am a moody person that I need to be on some sort of antidepressant to deal with my anger. From a personal point of view I cant see how people get out of depression after seeing all of the possible things that are going on with your body and how hard it is to find out what is going wrong so that you can be treated correctly.

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This is a free research project on Depression topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Depression for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.

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Research Project on Japan

Japan is a country that consists of four main islands and thousands of smaller ones (Allinson 32). The country's independence was gained in 660 B.C. ("Japan-General Information" 3). The name "Japan" originated from the Italian name, "Zipangu", given by Marco Polo (Allinson 32). It has the fifth largest population in the world with more than eighty-nine million people (Yelen 5). Japan's inhabitants call it "Nippon" or "Nihon", which means source of the sun (Allinson 32). Japan is a country that reflects culture of both the east and west.

Japan is located in the North Pacific Ocean. Japanese society began when people from parts of Asia migrated to the islands of Japan (35). Many of the ancestors came in waves through the Korean Peninsula, while others may have ventured from islands south of Japan. By 10,000 B.C. people who fished and gathered fruit and plants for food, were on the islands. This early culture was known as "Jomon", which means cord-marked. These individuals began the Japanese language that is still spoken today ("Japan-General..." 3).

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The land in Japan is considered to have beautiful scenery. The jagged peaks, rocky gorges, and thundering mountains are some of the spectacular sceneries (Allinson 45). Seventy percent of the Japan is composed of mountains and hills (45). Many of the mountains are as high as two thousand meters above seal level (Yelen 12). Mt Fuji, the highest mountain, is an example of this. Mt Fuji towers three thousand three hundred seventy-three meters above sea level (Yelen 12). Extensive plains are few in Japan, but ones that do exist serve great economic importance as they provide much food supply. The coastline is about seventeen thousand one hundred fifty miles long (Yelen 12). Japan has several short, swift rivers that cross its rugged surface (Allinson 45). These waters are used to irrigate farmland, and the rapid falls supply power for hydroelectric plants (Allinson 45). Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu are the four main islands that make up Japan (Yelen 12). These islands are abound with earthquakes and volcanoes both active and dormant(Yelen 12). Japan is located on an unstable part of the earth's crust (Allinson 45). The country has about one thousand five hundred earthquakes per year ("Japan-General..." 2). However, most of these earthquakes are minor and cause little damage (Allinson 45). Japan has more than one hundred fifty volcanoes and about sixty are active (Yelen 12).

The climate in Japan varies from tropical weather in the south to cool temperature in the north ("Japan-General..." 2). The island Honshu has warm, humid summers with mild winters toward the south and cold snowy winters in the north (Allinson 48). Hokkaido has cool summers and extremely cold winters. Kyushu and Shikoku have long summers and mild winters. The above climates are affected by monsoons and precipitation. Monsoons bring cold air to the northern areas of Japan. Precipitation occurs in all seasons (34). Rainfall is heavy with forty to one hundred inches annually throughout Japan (Yelen 13).

With regards to its government, Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government (Allinson 33). The government is based on the constitution that took effect in 1947 ("History" 5), giving several rights to the people (Allinson 33). Some of these include: freedom of religion, speech, and press. In addition, the constitution established three branches of government, the judicial, legislative, and executive. In the national government, the emperor, who inherits his throne, is a symbol of the nation. He performs ceremonial duties, but has no real power to govern. The Diet is the highest law making body in Japan. It consists of two houses the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives has more power and is made up of four hundred eighty members ( Allinson 33). The House of Councillors has two hundred fifty-two members (Allinson 33). All members of the Diet elect the Prime Minister, who must be a civilian. The Prime Minister leads the government and selects members of the cabinet to govern the country. The local government is divided into forty-seven political units called prefectures (Allinson 35). The residents in the prefecture elect a governor and representative to a legislative assembly. The residents also elect the mayor and local council (Allinson 35).

The judicial system of Japan differs from that of the United States ("Courts" 1). Japan has a unitary court system. There are no separate federal, state, county, and municipal systems as in the U.S ("Courts" 1). The largest court is the supreme court (Allinson 35). It is led by a chief justice, who the emperor appoints, and fourteen associate justices that are appointed by the cabinet ("Courts" 1). The supreme court oversees training of Japan's judges and attorneys (Allinson 35). The court sits either as a full court or in divisions ("Courts" 1). The full court listens to constitutional cases for which there are no precedents ("Courts" 1). There are eight regional courts and fifty district courts (Allinson 35). The district courts are courts of first instance for both cruel and criminal matters ("Courts" 1). The family courts handle domestic cases, such as, juvenile crimes, divorces, and family property dispute ("Courts 1"). However, compared to the United States, Japan is less likely to use their courts to decide disputes ("Courts" 1).

One of the world's number one economic giants is Japan (Allinson 32). Japan's economy is dependent on foreign trade (Ward 29). The United States is the only country whose economic output exceeds Japans. Japan has some of the most advanced equipment in the world (Allinson 32). The country's manufacturing products range from tiny computer components to ocean going ships (49). Therefore, the manufacturing sector plays a major role in economy. The industries employ more than twenty percent of the labor force and generates twenty-five percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) (49). The important part of Japan's manufacturing sector is known as the large-firm sector. The large-firms assemble parts and components then sell the products significantly higher than the cost of the components. In addition, another part of the manufacturing sector consists of thousands of small factories. These smaller factories are responsible for making the components.

Construction also plays a major role in Japan's economy. Construction consists of several giant national firms, hundreds of medium sized regional firms, and thousands of small local firms. It employs ten percent of the labor force and generates ten percent of the GDP (49). The industry began to grow after World War II. The main reason was that firms were needed to rebuild Japan's demolished cities. Then, the nations growing economy brought a demand for offices, roads, harbors, and several other needs. Today, the construction firms in Japan spend most of their time building huge hotels, and handle projects in Asia, United Kingdom, and United States (49).

Despite Japan's economic power, it is poor in many aspects (Ward 26). Japan has few natural resources, therefore, it suffers in food deficiency (Allinson 32). In the 1950's, the agricultural sector employed forty-five percent of the labor force (49). Unfortunately, as the industries grew, the importance of agriculture declined. By the mid 1900's, farmers made less than six percent of the labor force and produced less than two percent of the GDP. One reason for this is that Japan is covered by mountains and only fifteen percent of the land can be cultivated (49).

Japanese society imposes strong expectations on women and men (41). Women are usually married in their mid 20's and soon after become mothers. The role of a woman is to attend to the needs of her husband and children. They also play a dominant role in the family finances. However, a majority of the women in Japan obtain a job at one time or another. Usually a woman will have a job before they are married or after her children are in school and grown. Unfortunately, female employees have a low income and very few benefits. The men in Japan have one basic role and that is to support his family. At work they receive family allowances. These gender roles are accepted by most of the society, although today these roles are beginning to change among the young women. Women now postpone marriage until their late 20's and early 30's. Furthermore, they are reluctant to give up a job or income (41).

Clothing worn in Japan is similar to that in western Europe (32). The well-to-do people wear designer made garments, opposed to the majority of people who wear moderately priced clothing (39). For instance, a business man wears a dark suit, white shirt, conservative tie, black shoes, and dark woolen overcoat for winter. The young men will sometimes wear patterned sports coats and colorful ties. The clothing worn by a typical man who is not at work is different from one who is. Men at home will wear slacks with a casual shirt and sweater. A woman who is employed wears a skirt and blouse to the office. On the other hand, a women without a job will dress in moderately priced dresses or blouses with skirts or slacks. Fine jewelry and silk scarves are worn also. During special occasions people will wear kimonos (39). The kimono originated in the 7th century ("A Brief History of Japanese Clothing" 1). The word kimono means "thing to wear". The kimono is a long, narrow, obi-tied silhouetten (1). The kimono is worn with sandals called "zori" (Allinson 39).

The food variety in Japan differs from that in the United States. The Japanese word for meal is "gohan" ("Japanese Food" 1). While at home, families eat traditional Japanese food (Allinson 39). A traditional serving includes the main dish, fish or meat, and some kind of side dish, vegetable soup or pickled vegetables ("Japanese Food" 3). Most importantly, families drink tea and eat rice with almost every meal (Allinson 39). Younger people in the family, unlike their elders, eat fewer traditional foods. The children eat more beef, chicken, pork, fruit, and cheese than their parents. Instead of rice children prefer bread, donuts, and toast. As a result of the children's food habits they take in more protein and fat. Therefore, nowadays, the children are three to four inches taller (40). Before eating a Japanese family will say, "itadakimasu" this means, "I receive this food" ("Japanese Food" 1). This thanks whoever worked to prepare the food in the meal. The Japanese eat their meal in a sequence. They begin by eating the main dish. Afterwards, they eat some rice then sip soup straight from the bowl. The remainder of the rice is saved for at then end of the meal to eat with pickled vegetables. Finally after devouring their meal the people express feelings by saying, "Gochiso sama deshita" which translates, "it was quite a feast" (1).

Japanese people enjoy a variety of activities in their leisure time. They are energetic sports enthusiasts (Allinson 40). They enjoy sports such as baseball, sumo wrestling, bowling, golf, gymnastics, tennis, swimming, and a popular sport known as kendo. Kendo is a Japanese form of fencing with a bamboo or wooden stick used for a sword. In addition to sports, hobbies are another important leisure time activity for men and women. Some of these hobbies include tea serving ceremonies, chanting medieval ballads, and flower arranging.

Everyone in Japanese society engages in some religious belief (40). Shintoism, Buddhism, and Christianity are three major religions (Yelen 17). Shintoism is Japan's indigenous cult (17). It is a native religion of Japan that dates back to the prehistoric times (Allinson 40). Individuals who practice Shintoism worship the royal as well as family ancestors (Yelen 17). They also worship gods found in mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, and other parts of nature (Allinson 40). Being a state religion, Shintoism stresses patriotism. Everyone in the Japanese society performs some type of Shinto ritual. They visit shrines to offer fruit, prayer, and other gifts to the Gods. In return, for the gifts given, they may ask for favors. For instance, they may ask for a safe child birth or success on a health examination (40).

Buddhism is another frequently practiced religion. It was introduced around the middle of the sixth century (Yelen 17). Buddhism is a more elaborate belief compared to Shintoism (Allinson 41). It offers a more complicated view of gods, life, and death. In Buddhism death is prepared for through meditation because it is seen as a rebirth ("History" 5). Once an individual passes away the body is washed, rituals are performed over it, a wake is held, and then the body is typically cremated (5). In Buddhism an individual tries to obtain perfect peace by leading a life of virtue and wisdom (Allinson 41).

A small amount of people in Japan are Christians (41). Christianity was introduced to Japan by St. Francis Xavier in 1549 (Yelen 17). Individuals who are Christians worship a higher power known as God. It is a respected religion because of its contributions to society ("Christianity" 1). Today there are seven thousand six hundred places Christians can go to worship in Japan (1). Unfortunately, only one percent of the population is Christian (1). In spite of the small amount of Christians, several of their customs have become popular among the non-Christian population. For example, many people wear white dresses at weddings and celebrate holidays such as Christmas and Valentine's Day (1).

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This is a free research project on Japan topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Japan for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Research Project on Fahrenheit 451

From the 19th century to the world of today, dictating power has drastically changed our world. In the novel "Fahrenheit 451", domination and control in our society correlates to issues of the past and in the present day. Manipulation has been shown in society from past examples such as Adolf Hitler, to Joseph Stalin, and to the most present example of the Chinese Government.

The novel of "Fahrenheit 451" portrays the story of the protagonist Guy Montag. He takes pride in his profession as a fireman, whose job is not to put out fires, but rather to set fires to burn books. The books are contra banded and so are the houses in which they are kept illegally. From 1933 to 1945, Adolf Hitler was the leader of the German National Socialist Workers Party, and the dictator of Germany.

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Within the novel, the characters were isolated from gaining knowledge by reading. Hitler shows qualities which are parallel to the scheme of the novel. He controlled Germany, and systematically denied human rights. His dictating altered numerous German citizen views for hatred against France, Jews, and other non-German races. The characters in the novel were segregated and oblivious to the society which they lived in each and everyday. Guy Montag was unfulfilled by his occupation as a book burner, and discontent with his society. With his curiosity, it drew him to begin reading one of the 20 books he had stolen over the years. After Montag's boss Captain Beatty finds out he has comprehended stolen books he states "Guy you'll be dealt with severely!". With the example of an over ruled society from Hitler, it shows that the novels plot portrays in an event that has occurred in our society over 50 years ago.

From 1979, the Chinese Government had complete authority over the Chinese citizens. The ruler was supposed to enlighten his community through education and to teach them generosity but then disaster struck. This government imposed a law policy against the people about having two children per couple. Guy Montag's society was kept under laws which forbidden them from gaining knowledge. Books represented knowledge. In the second section "The Sieve and the Sand", Montag is caught with illegal possession of novels in his home. His home and possessions were burnt. With a society that provokes free thought, and use of educating ones self, it made Montag eluded. He then met an educated man named Granger who cherished books rather than fearing them. Montag was welcomed to a new life of thinking and awareness as opposed to illusion of happy existence he had previously known. Both laws fictionally and in reality are equivalent. The Chinese laws provoke their citizens from having no more than two children, especially if it's a female. In the novel, it contains laws which isolated people from gaining knowledge by reading. If caught reading all possessions would be burnt down, and in China if more than two children are born or if two females are kept one must die. With laws that are so powerful to our society either in reality or in a fictional novel it'll always be a part of life.

In 1922, Joseph Stalin was elected for general secretary of the communist party. The ruler who more than any other individual molded the features that characterized the soviet regime, and shaped the direction of Europe after World War 2 ended in 1945. He caused millions of deaths in regarding to the society disagreeing with his views. As in the novel, Guy Montag went against the forbidden laws in relation to reading books. In result, it caused his superior Captain Beatty to burn down his house and have warrants out for his arrest. As his superior went ahead and burnt his house and possessions, he acclaimed, "here we go to keep the world happy, Montag". Even his superior had to follow the laws, and terminate any offenses which took place. 

Joseph Stalin relates to Captain Beatty's government because they both dictated laws, and if disobeyed, consequences would come about. In Stalin's society, he caused millions to die, and be sent to concentration camps. After Guy Montag's house was burnt to shreds, he and his friend professor Faber decided to plan to bring down the oppressive system by planting books in the homes of firemen throughout the country. Montag voyaged to a new country and he was no longer Montag the fireman or Montag the fugitive. He is now Montag the intellectual, keeper of truth. John Stalin is now the deceased dictator who changed our world drastically by implementing laws among his people. Guy Montag's government had complete power over the society from gaining knowledge.

From the authorities that have once controlled our society in the past, to present day it has drastically changed out society, and it portrays society had discovered freedom, self dignity, and human rights. Many leaders that have amended our society were Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and the Chinese Government. All of these were similar examples in history which came in similarity to the plot of "Fahrenheit 451". Guy Montag the protagonist came to conclusion to rebuild civilization, by reading the forbidden books which gained him knowledge. At this point he was stripped of his former life - he will certainly lose his home and livelihood. He has deviated from the norm, choosing books and truth over the illusion of happiness he once thought he embraced.

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This is a free research project on Fahrenheit 451 topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Fahrenheit 451 for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Research Project on Explorers

The contents of the following essay shall encompass some of the nameless authors of early colonial times, who with the help of explorers documented their travels and experiences in the Gulf of St. Laurence to the cost of Newfoundland. These experiences are not always experienced by them first hand but cover a wide variety of crewmembers experiences, which the author notes. The documentation of these experiences have been systematically recorded so that other explorers can utilize them as tools in their respected fields. Occasionally discoveries will be made as to the first original documentation of specific buildings plants and animals but a conclusion as to their names or significance cannot always be found readily. Due to the fact that the natives did not share the same methods of enlightenment and because some Europeans did not have access to the actual names of these objects.

Jean Alphonse de Saintonge was a relatively unknown French sea captain originally hailing from the village of Saintonge. He sailed to Canada in 1542 as Roberval's navigator and pilot. Later, he engaged in an act of piracy against the Spanish-an act which would prove fatal. At his death he left two manuscripts of substantial historical interest. His accounts refer to the geographical facts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton. Jean's comments on the acts and beliefs of the natives of those areas in very interesting.

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La Terre-nerve has the best ports and harbors of the entire sea, and great rivers, abundant fisheries. It is all covered with trees, pines, and others such. The coast runs North and South to Cap de Ras. The people here are large, and somewhat dark. They have no more God than beasts, and are evil folk. On this coast are many islands and little islets. The people are named Tabios. They live on fish, flesh, and fruits of trees.

This account contains the description of the native people in Newfoundland in the 1540s. It is common knowledge that the people of the island were the Beothuk, a race of people that were wiped out of existence because colonialism reached Newfoundland first. This statement by Jean Alphonse contains the sole record for the Beothuk term for themselves. Also Jean describes their religious practices comparing them to beasts because they have no God and they must be evil people. Truly a uneducated speculation derived from the fear of a foreign race.

Beyond the Cap de Ras the coast turns to the West as far as the gouffe de S. Iehan. Before you approach this gulf is another which makes Terre-neufe an island, and merges with another of which we have already spoken. All these lands are high mountains. At the gulf of S. Iehan is an island which is named S. Iehan which has a good 30 to 40 leagues of coastline about 15 or 20 leagues of widlth, and is in the midst of a strait. It is inhabited by people who are like those of Terre-neufve. This island is of good soil, fine rivers and trees are there, as in Spain. The land is about the same latitude.

Jean Alphonse has a impeccable approach to describing the peaks of Cape Breton Island and the rich soil and fertility of Prince Edward Island in comparison to the soils of Spain. His cartography paints a picture of what is out there, however he did not include any maps to pinpoint exactly. The addition of latitude should confirm which area is being discussed. However the Jean Alphonse doesn't seem too sure by saying "about" instead of a direct number of latitude. Also if he was speaking about Spain in one sentence, then the same latitude the next, one would think it was the same latitude as Spain. Nevertheless the only coastline in the same latitude as Spain at 40 degrees is in the New York area. St. Johns Newfoundland sits at 47 degrees latitude roughly the same as England.

A comparison of the narrative is offered by Pierre Crignon of Dieppe who accompanied Jean et Raoul Parmentier on all their voyages. He describes Newfoundland in 1539 as follows: The new land of which the part now being considered is called Cape Ras, is situated to the west of our diametrical line or meridian and is in 40 degrees West longitude and 47 degrees North latitude. The New land extends toward the Arctic pole from the 40th to the 60th degree of latitude. From the said Cape Ras to Cape de Brettoni, the coast stretches east and west for 100 leagues. Between Cape Ras and Cape Brettoni live a cruel and austere people, with whom it is impossible to deal or to converse. They are large in stature, dressed in seal skins and skins of other animals bound together. They are marked by certain lines made by applying fire to their faces, and are as if striped with a color between black and brown. In much regarding their face and neck they are like the inhabitants of Barbary. Their hair is long, like that of a woman, and is gathered on the top of their heads like the tail of a horse. Their weapons consist of bows which they know how to shoot very well, and their arrows are tipped with black stones or fish bones.

In this report Crignon gives a very in depth report as to the location in which he is speaking with great accuracy. He does not confirm the name of the people of Newfoundland or ventures into the saint Lawrence. Instead he concentrates on how ruthless the natives of the area appear to be. He also describes the difference in physical features much like Jean Alphonse. Crignon gives the natives a little to much credit as to the durability of their skin when he describes the manner that they apply face paint. One can only imagine the fear that he struck in his readers. He also compares how their hair is all long like that of a woman without trying to conclude as to why? He compares their hair to that of a horse. Jean Alphonse also compared them to animals without a god. So one begins to see what the first impressions of the Europeans were towards to natives.

Apparently the Natives in other areas were more receptive to the newcomers in ways of trade and were seemingly treated better by the Europeans.

On the coast running north and south after the Cape Ras, and up to the Baye des Chateaux, there are great gulfs and great rivers and a large number of very large islands.

This land is more sparsely inhabited than the coast mentioned above, and the inhabitants are more human and more friendly than the others. And here no one has seen any houses, villages, or castles, except for a large wooden enclosure which was seen in the Baye de Chasteaux. The inhabitants live in small huts and houses which are covered with tree bark, which they build to live in during the fishing season, which begins in the spring and last through the summer. When fishing season ends with the approach of winter, they return with their catch in boats made of bark of certain trees called Buil, and go to warmer countries-we know not where.

Obviously Crignon or somebody else from his party was on speaking terms to accumulate such a wealth of knowledge about the natives hunting, fishing and emigrational practices. Also they noticed that nonexistence of castles or houses. Instead is mentioned small huts (most likely tee pees) and a large wooden enclosure. This may be explained to be a long house where the peoples of a tribe came to celebrate their religious rituals such as pow wows and dances. This may be the first documented discovery of these long houses. Overall Crignon's observations were very defined and offered a wealth of geographical knowledge. His collective information from the natives was insightful but he leaves one curious as to the sources of his information.

Andre Thevet was a French cosmographer who Cartier knew and had worked with. Thevet went under intense scrutiny when a few of his historical documents were found to be works of fiction. The reasoning behind these was thought to be greed in order to sell more books by interesting people with extreme stories. Although Thevet's work received a black eye, one can overlook that to view the following description of the Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence region.

This country is inhabited by barbarians dressed in the skins of wild beasts(who are) extremely inhuman and intractable: according to the experience of those who have gone there to fish for cod.In the sea around Terres Neuues is found another species of fish, which the natives call HEHEC, having a beak like a parrot, as well as other scaled fish. The maritime people nourish themselves on fish, as we have said above. The others, a long distance from the sea, are content with the fruits of the land, which they get without cultivating it or working it.

Here Thevet sees a people who are barbarians who don't act in any way different from the animals, which they wear. Not a far cry from the other opinions. He claims that it is the testimony from the fishermen who fish that area. He also states a strange and or new type of fish that has a beak, which was unable to be found. Then a condescending approach is taken to the style of native nourishment. Claiming them to be a strain on the land by not cultivating food. Whereas the style in which the natives used to obtain food had been working more efficiently then any other because the respected the land and only took what they needed. The author continues to describe the Natives at times of war.

These people are little prone to engage in warfare with their enemies do not search them out. Then they defend themselves completely in the fashion and manner of the Canadians. Their instruments for urging themselves to battle are made of the skins of animals stretched in the shape of a circle, with "fleustes" of the bones of deers, as are those of the Canadians. Having observed their enemy from a distance, they gird themselves for combat with their weapons, which are bows and arrows: and before the battle is joined, their principal guide, whom they consider as a king, being always first, dressed with beautiful furs and feathers, sits on the shoulders of two powerful savages, so that all will recognize him, and will be prompt in obeying him in all that he commands. And after the victory is theirs, God knows how they caress him. And thus they return joyously to their huts, displaying their trophy banners-decorated with the feathers of swans fluttering in the air, and carrying the skin of the faces of their enemies, stretched in little circles, as signs of victory.

Thevet covers a very wide spectrum of events and some very important views and information regarding the native tactics and rituals in acts of war. Thevet's material shows a embarrassing situation in the natives social structural hierarchy. He is left to compare the chief as he were a king and his two great savages must carry him on their shoulders for lack of a thrown or a horse. The comparison to a king is false however because the Europeans do not share any reverence for any particular savage. These accounts only back up Thevet's earlier thesis of how barbaric these people were. He also tries to encompass the whole of the people as being the same rather than Crignon who stated there were good and bad native people who acted hospitable and hostile. Keeping in mind that these reports were made for royalty as probes into what the new world and what its inhabitants were like, these stories must have frightened anyone who was planning to seek out the Promised Land. After all the people of Europe were becoming more enlightened and these people seemed to be heathens who were merciless and dreadful. Anyone who would scalp their opponent and bring it home to their hut as a trophy would frighten the most seasoned military troop.

So why does these three authors showing three similar bias views about their culture and ways of living. Each takes the time to point out natives impeccable skills as bowmen and their seemingly obvious difference in skin tone. With that they began to create preconceived attitudes or opinions about these other people. This prejudice was passed along with the Enlightenment of the European people. They were systematically sharing information and prejudices. The same system that pinpointed latitude so that they could recognize where they were, helped to developed negative attitudes held toward natives based solely on their membership in a specific group. The only one to show that good natives were out there was Crignon who saw a kindness while in trade.

The fur trade appeared to be the best thing for the Natives to do to be at piece with the whites. Further down south the peoples fought to keep the invaders out whereas Cortez and other European conquerors massacred, exploited and enslaved millions. Whereas the economy of New France revolved around the fur trade, thanks to the voyages of French explorers like Jacques Cartier in the 1530s 40s etc. The French were more likely to develop trade relations with Native Americans than to settle permanently on their lands, and European settlement of indigenous lands in Canada occurred more gradually. "To commanded legitimacy, choices have to appear rational." The most rational way to permanently settle in North America was not to fight there way in but to offer natives into the stream of sharing but with a price that they were not ready for.

Each author measured what was important for their objective. Crignon measures geographical space efficiently while showing an interest in the inhabitants, while Thevet gives a sample of the living world of the natives while dipping into their warfare. Jean Alphonse made some observations of the land and peoples, however none of which were crucial to the Enlightenment of Europe but nonetheless hold some bearing. Each author had relevant comments but held a unenlightened bias contributing to the general occupation of lands already spoken for.

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Research Project on Ergonomics

Applying ergonomics in the workplace has been in existence since the 19th century. It has helped many employers and employees reduce the risk of injury and provide a safe work environment. The meaning of ergonomics comes from two different Greek words and it is often described as relating work equipment with the way employees demand them. The history on ergonomics goes back into the 19th century by Frederick Taylor. Employers benefit from ergonomics in the workplace as well as employees. Research and the readings on ergonomics have made me realize how important it is to apply it in the workplace. Ergonomics has made an enormous difference in the workplace.

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Ergonomics comes from these two words: "Ergon" which means work and "Nomoi" which means natural laws. Ergonomics is defined as the study of human capabilities in relationship to work demands. Ergonomics introduces methods that help reduce the risk of injury in the workplace. Employees are often unaware of different ways to prevent injury; applying ergonomics in the workplace will introduce several methods that help the employees reduce the risk of injury. The most common injuries at the workplace are eyestrain, lower back pain and arm and hand pain.

Ergonomics in the workplace started when a man named Frederick W. Taylor decided to complete a series of studies, which included the improvement of work situations. Taylor was interested in scientific management; therefore, he experimented in different methods on how comfortable workers are and how efficiently they worked with the type of equipment they are provided with. After observing the issues in the workplace, he created a series of theories which eventually turned into "Taylorism".

Ergonomics in the workplace is beneficial to the employers. Applying ergonomics in the workplace decreases the injury risk with employees. Employees are at risk at work everyday, but having the correct equipment to do the job safely, it reduces the chance for an employee to get injured. Employers will spend less money and time on investigating the injuries of injured employees. Ergonomics in the workplace also increases employee efficiency. When they have the proper equipment, they are comfortable at what they are doing and can concentrate on their duties. With increased efficiency, the employers will be glad to know that the employees are working at ease.

Another benefit to the employer is decreased mistakes made by employees. With less mistakes, the employer will not waste any money fixing those mistakes done by careless employees. Increased productivity is what employers look forward to at the end of the day from their employees. Having proper and comfortable equipment will make employees work harder and with comfort. Employees will not have to take any days off if they are not injured. The number of days off taken will decrease when applying ergonomics in the workplace. Lastly, there will be less worker's compensation claims since the workplace will be in a more safe and ergonomically equipped environment.

Employees also benefit from applying ergonomics in the workplace. Employers provide their employees with ergonomically designed equipment such as desks and chairs. Employees that are at a desk needs to have a comfortable environment in order for them to work efficiently. Computer screens need to have the glare screen so that it will not strain the eyes. Employees who stare at the computer screen all day can tend to have a higher risk on eye-strain. Injury to the arm and hands are also common in the workplace; therefore providing a wrist pad for the employee's keyboard is one way it will help prevent that injury.

I have learned many different aspects in ergonomics in the workplace. All the research and readings on ergonomics has broaden my views on the safety and injury prevention in the workplace. Since I work in a retail environment, safety and injury prevention is Bed Bath and Beyond's number one priority when it comes to employees. I never realized how much ergonomics affected the workplace and that improper equipment causes many injuries amongst employees. All the information in this paper was new information that I was not aware of. After learning about ergonomics, it has made me look around my workplace to ensure that our environment is considered ergonomically equipped.

Overall, there are many things to consider when involving ergonomics in the workplace. Any organization's main concern should be the safety of their employees. Employees will work more comfortably when they are provided with ergonomic equipment. They will be efficient, effective and their productivity will also increase. Researching and reading about ergonomics in the workplace has made me realized that my workplace is not ergonomically equipped. Many employees have complained about back pain; this is one reason why I believe our company is not in compliance. I have learned many ideas and concepts of ergonomics and will apply it towards my future plans of opening my business.

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Research Project on Inventions

As time goes on, more and more technology is being developed to keep up with the wants and needs of people. Although technology is advancing, the ideas and inventions are becoming less and less imaginative and original. A lot of new "technology", that can be seen on late night television, displays a failure of intellect and are completely ridiculous. There is a countless amount of inventions being created, which a fair deal are just improvements on something previously invented. Most are made thought up to provide an easier life. There are three inventions that have not been physically created but are going to eventually be seen in the technological world: a microwave that cools food instead of heating it; break lights that glow brighter as more pressure is applied to the brake pedal; and a personal computer that is completely safe from all viruses.

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The Macrowave, which is similar to the Microwave, works much like a Microwave. But instead of heating food and/ or cooking food, the Macrowave will be cooling, chilling, and/ or freezing food. Here is how it works. The microwave uses miniscule waves to speed up the electrons in the food product and as these electrons are sped up, the food gets hotter. The Macrowave will use a series of large waves to slow the already fast-moving electrons which in effect will chill or even freeze the food. The consumer population will readily accept this invention. They will be quick to adore it because it will be another tool to speed up their life. Consumers are always looking for something that will make their life faster. If Grandma is making home-made popsicles and there is only a small time frame between then and dinner and the grandchildren do not want to wait until after dinner to eat their snacks, have no fear, the Macrowave is here. Just "pop" the popsicles in the Macrowave and they will be frozen in minutes. If soup is too hot, just put the bowl in there for delicate frost and no time or breath will be wasted on blowing on the soup. People will need and want this invention but do not exactly know it yet.

Another invention that consumers and automobile companies will delve right into is brake lights with an added feature. The added feature is that they will glow brighter as more pressure is applied to the brake pedal and will dim as the pedal is relieved from pressure. The technology behind them is simple. As the brake pedal gets closer to the floor of the car, more electricity will be allowed to flow to the brake lights, and the farther the pedal is from the car floor, the less power will be emitted to the back two bulbs. Almost as if the brake lights were on a dimmer switch. This will give drivers a better idea of how hard and how fast the driver in front of them is braking. And because drivers will have a better idea of what other drivers are doing, there will be less chance of a rear end collision. For instance, if there is a car behind a truck, it has very limited vision of what is in front of the truck and eventually in front of the car itself. If the truck has the pressure sensitive brake lights and has to brake hard, the car behind it will know that the truck is slowing down fast so the car will to do the same. This also comes in handy during rush hour traffic. People will eventually learn how to move more as a whole instead of causing accidents by not knowing how hard the person in front of them is breaking. This will speed up consumers lives so, as mentioned before, they will grasp this idea because people love inventions that accelerate their lives.

The third invention will effect all people all over the world. As of right now, computers are the basis for survival in the business world and in some cases, the social world. But sometimes computers are not fully functional because it is "sick" from a computer virus. That is where the third invention comes in. A computer that is "immune" to the viruses that get released from computer to computer. This computer would have an upscale artificial intelligence that would already know the patterns used in viruses that exist and know every possibility of code used to create a computer virus. This computer will never stop working or work abnormally because of a virus. Being that computers will never be down, people will not have to wait for them to be fixed. Therefore, life will be sped up and consumers will buy these kinds of computers.

These three inventions; the macrowave, the pressure sensitive brake lights, and the forever healthy computer, will be quickly embraced by all consumers. Because all of these inventions make life easier on people and help their lives run smoother, consumers will be fast to look into when these inventions will be fully invented. And in the far future, people will be so accustomed to using all three of these original creations, they will grow dependant on them as they have done with all other inventions in the past.

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This is a free research project on Inventions topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Inventions for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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