Global Financial Crisis Research Paper

Introduction 

The financial crisis of 2007 is considered to be the most complex and severe in the history of the world’s economy. In addition to this, it also appeared to be quite unexpected. According to Davis & Karim (2008), “It came as a surprise not only to most financial market participants but also in some degree to the policy community”. The Great Depression of 1929 and its consequences have led to the formation of such international organizations as International Monetary Fund and World Bank. The purpose of these organizations was to try to prevent another Great Depression from happening by issuing new regulations and policies. However, they not only failed to do so, but also appeared to be unable to predict the Global Financial Crisis and to inform the international governments and economies of the forthcoming risks (Rayner, 2008).

The following paper will analyze the causes of the Global Financial Crisis and its effect on the world’s economy (mainly focusing on United Kingdom economy). The first part will examine the failures, which occurred in the world economy’s system. It will discuss the main causes of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and will try to illustrate, how these factors affected different countries and economies. The second part the will try to identify the techniques, which could be used both domestically and internationally in order to prevent another crisis from happening. It will consider such organizations as International Monetary Fund and World Bank’s role in the control over the crisis. Finally, the last part will conclude the paper. It will sum up all the important points, which were covered in the paper.

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Global Financial Crisis: Its Causes and Effects 
International Monetary Fund has issued a ‘Global Financial Stability Report’ in 2007, where it was stated that there were some risks in different areas; however, that there was no “direct threat to financial stability” (p. 1). In addition to this, chapter one has discussed the condition of subprime mortgage market of United States. It was aware of the existing problems already then; however, did not give much attention to them and only noted that United States should “tighten underwriting standards” (p. 6). Despite of the facts, which indicated on the forthcoming financial collapse, the overall evaluation of the financial stability was positive. In the report it was stated that the financial situation is stable, and that the further growth in most of economies is expected within next several years.

This and few other reports have shown that international financial organizations were aware of the problems, which existed in that time. Furthermore, they did mention them in their financial observations and gave the suggestions, of how to prevent these risks from spreading to other economies. Nevertheless they failed to recognize the actual threat in the data, which was available to them. This has made the Global Financial Crisis even more complex issue to the governments. Countries and their economies appeared to be unable to cope with the failures in the markets.

There are several causes of the occurred crisis. These causes have affected different countries in various ways. However, the crisis of 2007 has illustrated how one country’s problem can become international and involve many other economies in it. Global Financial Crisis of 2007 is often called a ‘Sub-Prime Crisis’, because its roots go to the sub-prime lending conditions in United States. These new conditions emerged, when banks decided to expand their mortgage lending in order to later resell these loans as securities (Gurria, 2008). This process was called ‘securitization’. An innovation, which seemed to work in the beginning, later became a cause of a serious shift in the real estate market. Eased lending conditions allowed people, who had bad or no previous lending history and did not have enough resources for a repayment, to enter the loans. “Many of the new borrowers did not understand their loans or have enough income to make payments […]” (Gurria, 2008). This has led to the borrowers’ inability to cover their loans expenses.

It took investors quite some time to realize that they are in a dangerous position. The value and the security of the loans were overrated by the banks, which resulted in investors’ assurance of their benefits. Suddenly the markets stopped functioning, since it was impossible to recognize, where the repayment failure had its roots at. Since securitization practices were spread to Europe, most of its markets, consequently, were also damaged. All the lending processes have stopped, and the liquidity level has significantly dropped.

Due to the failure of a large amount of banks to cover their losses, both domestic and international financial operations have stopped. The major threat to the markets became banks’ unwillingness to make loans to the economy. According to Gurria (2008), “To keep the economies moving, bank lending must expand. We have seen that lending standards to both household and business have been tightening and costs of borrowing are going up.” (p. 17). One of the results of the banks’ reluctance to lend was the drop in the world trade. In 2009 world’s output has dropped by 1.7 percent (National Institute Economic Review, 2009). United Kingdom’s real GDP has fallen from 3.0 in 2007 to -4.3 in 2009 (National Institute Economic Review, 2009). Several countries (e.g. Russia), which produce and export oil, had a positive growth in 2008; however, the majority of countries had a significant decline and, therefore, has suffered the most from the world’s economy collapse.

European Union was designed in order to strengthen the economy of its members. Its main purpose was to unite European countries in order for people, goods, services, and money to circulate freely within the union. One of the greatest benefits of European Union is that stronger and more stable countries and economies can support smaller and weaker ones and to create a single market, which could serve as a shield for all the union members. Global Financial Crisis of 2007 has shown that the system, which was built and developed in the course of many years, did not succeed in protecting its participants from the financial collapse. Furthermore, it actually did create circumstances, where several countries have suffered greatly from this union and from being open to other markets. “The strain of the crisis has led to controversial policy responses such as the French and German automotive bailouts, which appear protectionist to other countries- particularly those in Eastern Europe” (Tsuo, 2009). This resulted in governments’ consideration to move automobiles’ production back to their home countries, which would have a negative impact on the Eastern countries, where the production of foreign cars is especially developed. European Union appeared to be under a pressure due to its members’ dependence on each other’s economies.

Steps for reducing the danger of another crisis
As was mentioned before, international financial organizations were aware of the existing problems; however, did not take required actions in order to prevent them from spreading among economies of different countries. In case those threats would be better examined and tried to be eliminated in their early stages, the crisis would either not happen at all or would affect countries with fewer harm. “In parallel with a period of strong economic growth, financial markets and financial innovation have delivered impressive benefits over the past decade. But it is now clear that the dangers and pitfalls were ignored” (Gurria, 2008).

For that reason, financial organization (both domestic and international) must be more careful and precautious about their operations and overall functioning. They should be more sensitive to any, even the smallest, changes, which happen in the markets. In the world, where most of the markets are opened and depend greatly on each other, banks and their systems must be controlled and ruled by, perhaps, even stricter policies. Even during the crisis of 2007 some financial institutions have suffered less than others. This illustrates that certain systems work better and in a more stabilized way than others, depending on their regulations (e.g. lending conditions).

One of the reasons why the borrowers failed to repay their loans was that they were not properly informed about, or, if to be more precise, did not fully understand, the terms of their contracts. They also failed to evaluate their financial stability and conditions. According to Gurria (2008), “Improved financial education is also essential so that consumers and investors will make more informed decisions and not only protect themselves but also help to improve how markets function” (p. 17). Individuals must also understand how the financial system works. They must learn all the details of the contracts, which they conclude with banks or any other financial institutions.

In addition to that, the eased lending conditions, which were set by the banks, were a quite innovative approach. It did show positive results in the first few years; however, was not examined and proofed to be properly working. Still, blinded by the seemingly good opportunity, many investors rushed to the banks to acquire securities. This phenomenon has illustrated that it is extremely risky to invest in the systems, which were not previously proved to be effective and safe. Therefore, investors must carefully think through an offer before accepting it. According to Schwartz (2009), “The lesson for investors’ embrace of mortgage-backed securities and other new types of assets that were profitable to many purveyors of services in the distribution of these ingenious ways of making loans is to be wary of innovations that have not been thoroughly tested” (p. 19).

Credit conditions have already tightened in such countries as United Kingdom and United States (Kirby, Barrell, Fic & Orazgani, 2008). However, a better attention must be paid at the loans, which are being given out to individuals. As was mentioned above, it is important for the financial institutions to be able to support the economies by giving out loans. Despite this fact, new regulations must be introduced in order to reduce the risk of failures to make repayments.

Finally, each government and economy must always be prepared for certain failures in the financial systems to occur. Crises happen often, and there is never a guarantee that it will not happen again. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 was much unexpected and, therefore, created a chaos and caused a panic in the markets. In case the problems cannot be eliminated in its early stages, governments and financial institutions must always be prepared to withstand the more global events. As in any system, in financial one as well there always should be a recovery plan. The crisis of 2007 has proved that even the power of European Union appeared to be helpless, when it was necessary to protect its members from the financial collapse. In the world of free economy, such as, for example, European Union, it appears to be more complicated to create a policy, which applies to all the countries and their markets. International organizations as International Monetary Fund and World Bank must think of a system, which, in case of the failure in a certain sector, would be able to recover from it quickly and with the minimum damage.

Conclusion
Global Financial Crisis of 2007 has brought many damages to the world’s economy. Its primary causes emerged in the United States, where the sub-prime lending market went out of control. The lending conditions have been eased, which allowed people with limited income to take mortgages from the banks. As a result, in the course of one year majority of the countries have suffered from the significant drop in the GDP and is still recovering from it. Moreover, the forecasts for the next two to three years are not positive and promising.

Systems like European Union have experienced a disadvantage of having open markets. Stronger countries could not recover completely because of the weaker ones, which were pulling them down. Global Financial Crisis of 2007 has shown that these systems must be further developing in order to be able to be functioning normally during the hard times. Since the previously used techniques proved to be ineffective, international financial institutions and organizations must come up with new regulations and policies in order to prevent another crisis from happening.

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Research Paper on Allergies

1 Allergy. General information 

Itching in the mouth, difficulty swallowing and breathing? Moreover, there is some kind of rash on the child’s body? Nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain, in addition to all that? Quite terrifying symptoms…What are they actually? Most likely this is a food allergy. And this is the time when parents, teachers, the school administration, as well as the peers are to be particularly attentive towards the child’s specific needs.

Food allergies can be characterized by the adverse response of the human immune system to a food protein [Article on Food Allergy]. Some scientists state that food allergies are more common in the economically developed countries due to the lack of baby’s early exposure to dirt and germs. Besides, the modern society’s over-use of antibiotics and baby skin-care lotions that are manufactured with addition of peanut oil (one of the most common allergens) may cause the development of food allergies in a very early age [Article on Food Allergy].

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Unfortunately, most allergies start during the first year of a child’s life and if not treated properly, may last a lifetime and grow into a severe asthma or in some cases, may even become fatal. Surprisingly enough food allergies cause roughly 30,000 emergency room visits and 100 to 200 deaths per year in the United States alone [Food Allergy Facts and Statistics].

2 Peanut allergy and its symptoms
Just a single peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a Reese’s peanut butter cup as a snack for a child whose immune system determines the organism’s particular reaction to one of the most common allergens, peanuts, may cause to the start of one of the most serious allergies which is estimated to be involved in as many as 80% of fatal or near fatal allergic reactions every year. According to a web-recourse, in the United States alone, 1.5 million people have a peanut allergy, and this rate is climbing, as it is in other First World countries[What Causes a Peanut Allergy?].

A number of governmental organizations, as well as non-profits hold various campaigns in order to raise people’s awareness on behalf of all those affected by food allergies. Both students and teachers are to be aware that there are a lot of people, right here in the classroom, sitting right there beside you, suffering from a peanut or any other allergy. ‘Peanut free classrooms’ and anti-bullying rules at schools are just two examples of how the society can show respect towards the child’s sensitive issue [Food Allergic Children and Schools].

Interesting enough, the research has shown that young children are more likely to develop peanut allergies than adults. According to the article on the causes of peanut allergy, if a child is not exposed to peanuts before the age of four, it is highly probable that he or she will not develop an allergy at all[What Causes a Peanut Allergy?].

3 How egg allergy affects children
Let’s go further through a child’s potential menu. Eggs—natural source of protein, choline, vitamins A, D and E, seem to be very nutritious but at the same time this product may cause a reaction in the body that will lead to an egg allergy.

Most kids with egg allergy have some of the reactions listed above, but a few may have a very strong reaction called anaphylaxis. This severe allergic reaction causes swelling of the mouth, throat, and airways leading to the lungs, resulting in breathing difficulty. In addition, there is a dangerous drop in blood pressure, which can make a child dizzy or pass out, and may quickly lead to shock [Egg Allergy].

And how does an egg allergy start? According to an article on the Wikipedia, most people who are allergic to hen's eggs have antibodies which react to one of four proteins in the egg white. These proteins are named ovomucoid, ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme; ovomucoid, also called Gal d 1, is the most common target of immune system attack.[5] The egg yolk contains several potential antigens: livetin, apovitillin, and vosvetin.

Some research on lysozyme and ovotransferrin suggests that, perhaps, one of the causes of the allergy is from the chelating capacity of the proteins with metals, especially those of heavy metals. However, little scientific information is available currently on the direct relationships of the heavy metals in hen eggs and egg allergy [Article on Egg Allergy].

Surprisingly enough, is the fact that a person may only react to a protein in egg whites or the one in the yolk, only, or sometimes both. There is a small number of people whose allergy to eggs might develop allergy to chicken or poultry [Health's Disease and Condition].

With no doubt, the lifestyle of the child affected with this particular kind of allergy, will undergo dramatic changes, both inside and inside the classroom. Of course, the easiest thing for both children and adults affected by a food allergy is to avoid this particular food. Therefore, it is very important to look at the label of a product before purchasing it, and making sure that the food the child eats at a restaurant or a classmate’s home is egg free. Besides, when preparing food at home, egg alternatives should be used.

The positive side of this particular type of allergy is the fact that the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America estimates that most children outgrow egg allergy by the age of five. Though the practice shows that some people remain allergic for a lifetime [Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America].

4 Dairy products allergies and their effects on children and adults 
Some ice cream or a milkshake as a dessert after a meal are the other hazards that may affect children in most turbulent ways… According to the statistics, the most common food allergy in early childhood is cow milk allergy. It affects somewhere between 2% and 3% of infants in developed countries, but approximately 85-90% of affected children lose clinical reactivity to milk once they surpass 3 years of age Between 13% and 20% of children allergic to milk are also allergic to beef [Beef allergy in children with cow's milk allergy,2002].

The three components of cow's milk that cause dietary reactions are casein protein, whey protein, and lactose sugar. Casein and whey are considered more likely to cause true allergies, while lactose causes a well-known intolerance in many adults (and some children) due to the body's lack of an enzyme known as lactase. Dairy allergies may appear with a wide variety of symptoms, including hives (urticaria), eczema, chronic congestion, and diarrhea. Lactose intolerance, like many other dietary intolerances, causes gastrointestinal symptoms, such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea [Dairy Allergies].

Avoiding milk in a diet is a very difficult thing to do for both children and adults. Nevertheless, reading the product’s label first before the purchase and using soy-based foods to substitute milk, will be helpful in living a fully balanced life.

5 Natural remedy for allergies. Conclusion
As an old saying goes, what cannot be cured, must be endured. And the society, with the family at the first place, together with the classmates, teachers, and in case of adults facing various implications of allergies—colleagues, all together are to respect the feelings of a person living with allergies.

As for the children’s allergies, teachers and the school administration are to tolerate and take all possible measures in approaching the needs of each child need individually and help them to endure what in some cases cannot be cured.

Strangely enough, breastfeeding, a gift given to mothers by nature, is what lets every woman to be the first one to help her own child. Breast milk is a unique substance that is able to build up the person’s immune system for the lifetime, as nothing else can. According to numerous studies and research, breast milk prevents, and in some cases, delays allergies in hifg risk children.

Why not chose what the nature has given us to avoid allergies, rather than, later on in life, be spending a huge amount of money on what the international pharmaceutical companies and medical centers are offering for allergies treatment?. The choice is ours.

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Health Care Management Research Paper

Health care and its purposes 

Through many generations health was one of the most important components and aspects of the successful and strong community. Governments together with country’s physicians constantly work on exploring new illnesses and diseases appearing in the world. They work on finding all the possible tools for fighting illnesses and to making its county’s people free of health problems. The word “health care” is comparatively new. Before this term has appeared and developed, people used word “medicine” for describing the service, which was providing with the help of prevention and treatment of a certain disease. Later health care became one of the largest industries in the world. It has millions of customers, who use its services every day. Health care industry takes care of everything that is connected to the person’s health and his or her treatment. It consists both of services provided by and products used in the medicine. Health care offers a wide variety of professional assistances such as dental and medical, nursing, alternative medicine, pharmaceutical, and many other services. All these subdivisions of health care are aimed at improving and maintaining every person’s physical and psychological conditions.

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Health care consists of many separate and completely different components. Each component is another big and complex system, which requires a lot of knowledge and professional skills. For delivering each service to people effectively, a group of professionally trained physicians must be able to work closely together and communicate within the system. In order for health care as a whole to function properly, all these systems and people within those systems must learn how to effectively put teamwork into practice in their day-to-day operations. All the big organizations, which are offering a wide range of medical services, face the situation, where people of different specialties and practices have to join together in one team. Teamwork does not only provide medical organizations with a possibility to lower their costs and patients with a faster and more convenient service, but also help physicians to improve their skills and gain additional knowledge, which can be useful in their own sphere of expertise.

Definition of the Teamwork 
The concept of the team came to the world of business from sport, where each player individually has little power until he joins the rest 10, 8, 9, etc players. The reason for different people to come together and play as one is to win the game and get rewarded. It is well known that the most important force that makes team functioning properly is the understanding of the common purpose and the harmony within the team. Each member of the team gets an opportunity not only to develop his own skills and abilities, but also to receive additional information from his or her colleagues, which can be applied to his or her own playing technique later on. However, when different people from different backgrounds and with different beliefs join in one group, they are often faced with challenges in understanding and accepting each other.

Teamwork in Health Care 
The importance of teamwork within health care organizations became very important and continues growing every day. Organizations, which are providing medical services to their customers, realized the great advantage of having many separate divisions functioning effectively as one. In the medicine any physician, no matter what he or she is specializing on, works toward the same goal- providing professional help to the patient. In case physician works in the organization together with many other physicians, he or she has to constantly interact with his or her colleagues in order to provide the patient with the best assistance. It often happens that specialists of different areas in medicine provide the same patient with the treatment, however, do not function as a team and do not have a feeling of working toward the same goal. They feel and act independently and are not willing to limit their independence by becoming a member of the team. Additionally, any team has a leader and all the decisions are made either by him or her, or collectively. All the members become responsible for sticking to these decisions and cannot ignore them by acting differently. The important point about teamwork is that every professional must understand him- or herself the importance and advantage of working together.

Teamwork in health care has many advantages both for patients and professionals providing medical treatment. One of the most important benefits of health care professionals working closely together is that the medical procedures do not require a lot of time. Whenever patient needs to make any kind of analysis, he or she does not have to spend half of the day running from one physician to another. In organizations like hospitals information must be communicated between its workers freely and precisely. Another benefit of teamwork for the patient is that health care professionals can assist in less known and more complex health issues. Since different physicians approach the problem from their own perspectives, this makes it easier to find a required solution.

While being in the team, professionals stay focused on their areas of medicine. Each professional approaches certain issue from his or her own perspective and analyzes the situation using his or her methods. The contribution to the solution of a certain problem of every division in medicine allows health care providers to offer their patients more diverse and reliable treatment. Moreover, health care professionals become more satisfied and pleased with their day-to-day activities. As was mentioned before, they also gain a lot of additional knowledge from their colleagues, and this allows them to widen the scope of their practices. This makes their work even more professional and provides them with more confidence in their decisions. Another important advantage of the teamwork is that it motivates health care professionals to strive for innovations. While several people are working on the same issue, they often come to a point, when they realize there is something missing in the system, or that a certain component could be improved. In a case like this, they become much focused on the problem and try to find a solution collectively, which develops and improves the functioning of the entire organization and health care providing process.

Making a Teamwork in Health Care 
Effective All the advantages listed above indicate on the importance of applying effective teamwork to a health care providing organization. The advantage of professionals working together as a team does not only apply to patients and physicians, but also improves the functioning of any organization providing health care to a great extent. Hospitals do profit a lot from their employees being fully satisfied with the environment they work in, and their clients being well treated and unquestionably pleased with the provided service. Teamwork plays a significant role for an organization in terms of time and cost savings. Therefore, each organization has to strive for encouraging teamwork among their employees. There were many researches made in order to find the ways to train organization’s employees to become successful team players. Due to the diversity of the organizations, it is very difficult to find one method, which will work for every team. It is easier for new organizations providing health care services to set a required environment within their professional teams. Oppositely from the new organizations, old and settled ones can suffer from inability to change their systems, to which everyone got used to. In that case, organization’s management must take appropriate steps in order to make changes and help its employees to accept and adapt to these changes. Most likely, settled organizations will be faced with the strong reluctance of their health care professionals to change the process of their work and to become dependent on other organization’s physicians. In that case, before announcing a new approach to the organizations team’s functioning, management must provide its employees with a certain seminar, which will explain the importance of teamwork in details and will convince them in the necessity of applying this method to their day-to-day operations. After the courses, the changes must be made slowly and carefully. This can be done through giving a certain project to work on for a group of physicians from different divisions. The best way to encourage the teamwork within the organization is to let employees realize the importance of it themselves.

Conclusion 
Teamwork among the professionals providing health care services is a very important topic in our days. There are many researches and discussion on this issue lately. Organizations providing health care services realized the significance of having teams of professionals in different areas working closely together on the same projects. These practices add to their patients’ satisfaction level, their employees’ willingness to work and innovate, and their own profit.

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This is a free research paper on Health Care Management topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Health Care Management for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Research Paper on Fedex

1. In the light of the recent increase of health care insurance costs for employers, many of them decided to revise their insurance policies. Paying out employees’ and retirees’ health benefits resulted in tremendous liabilities for American businesses. In certain cases, health care costs exceed returns from productive workforce and can hinder the company’s competitive position. Increasing insurance costs have negative effects on the workplace situation, as the employers are forced to hold back wage increases, raise co-pays and deductibles, and ask workers to shoulder a larger share of premiums.

Multiple health care plans at Fedex should be regarded as a right move in this situation. Rather than relying on traditional HMOs and PPOs, the company allowed its workers to choose providers both inside and outside the network; however, those enjoying “freedom of choice” had higher co-payments and payroll deductions. Some other companies have implemented similar initiatives, sometimes referred to as fee-for-service arrangements, which imply reimbursement of health care expenses after an employee receives them from a provider of their choice. This idea emphasizes individual responsibility for choice and usage of health care services; it also increases the quality of health care through applying the free market mechanism of competition.

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Fedex also started offering four different levels of coverage. It helped them to decrease costs even further: rather than offering a uniform policy to all employees – which was likely to be perceived as unreasonably expensive by both the company and majority of employees – those willing to have a more comprehensive coverage were free to pay for such additional service.

A reform of benefit policy appears very timely for all businesses; designing an attractive benefits policy is of paramount importance. In the modern business environment, competitiveness of a company to a large extent relies on its human capital. It is crucial for a business to attract the most qualified employees, and health benefits can be a good incentive for them.

2. Various health promotion initiatives – such as disease management programs, training programs, and nursing hotline – are a great way to reduce health care insurance costs. Moreover, they enhance workers’ motivation and, consequently, productivity. They contribute to the improvement of health condition of the labor force, which also increases productivity. They foster ties between the company and employees and prevented turnover. Finally, they contribute to higher employee satisfaction.

Fedex is not alone in what they are doing. Many employers have already shown interest in promoting healthier behavior of their workers in order to reduce costs of health care by using employee assistance programs, educational programs, preventative care offerings, case management, disease management and other programs. The term “wellness” encompasses much more that mere employee health benefits. Such initiatives are usually grouped as occupational health and safety initiatives (immunization, health risk screening, ergonomics programs, massage therapists), voluntary health practices (smoking cessation, healthy eating, weight control, active living, on-site fitness centers), and organizational change initiatives, that is, initiatives aimed at reducing work-related strain (stress management, flexible working hours, recognition and reward).

Fedex offers initiations in the first two categories. Its lower-back pain cessation program can be classified as health and safety initiative, while onsite fitness centers and initiatives aimed at raising awareness about medical issues are best seen as promoting beneficial voluntary health practices. There is a direct link between such initiatives and lowering the costs of health care insurance. Since many Fedex workers need to lift heavy boxes on a regular basis, health promotion is a must for them. Prevention and early diagnosis have been long recognized as the best way to tackle the issue of illness: a nursing hotline is aimed exactly at that.

Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the issue of employee health has been firmly placed at the top of the agenda by all leading companies including Fedex. Business leaders and human resource managers came to realize that healthy and productive workers are the main asset of their companies. Moreover, a right thing for Fedex was publicizing its effort aimed at promoting health and offering more flexible benefit schemes: its health benefit center furnished all information an employee could potentially need. If health promotion initiatives are not coupled with an information campaign, employees will not take advantage of various options available to them. What would be the use of an onsite fitness center and nursing hotline if no one was informed about it? Thus, the overall assessment of Fedex initiatives for holding back the increase in health care insurance spending – in terms of both effectiveness and comprehensiveness - should be very positive.

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This is a free research paper on Fedex topic. Keep in mind that all free research project samples and research paper examples are taken from open sources – they are plagiarized and cannot be used as your own research project. If you need a qualitative custom research project on Fedex for college, university, Master's or PhD degree – you are welcome to contact professional research writing company to have your paper written online by academic research writers.
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Research Paper on HRM Practices

The following essay is an analysis of the research paper “Influences on Human Resource Management Practices in Multinational Corporations” written by Philip M. Rosenzweig and Nitin Nohria and published in the Journal of International Business Studies; 1994 2nd Quarter, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p.229-251. The purpose of the article was to acquire a deeper insight into those forces that determine and condition specific HRM practices in MNC subsidiaries and the main research question was to find out what those forces were. The body of the essay describes the design of the study, the research method, the variables and what was measured, tells how many subjects were involved, what they did, and where the research was conducted.

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The study starts with a theoretical discussion and research hypotheses followed by the description of the methodology. Then, the results of the empirical research are presented (including tables and figures) and conclusions are drawn. The researchers used a scientific method based on a number of theoretical assumptions which were then tested by analysing empirical data. The data were collected by the means of a HRM practices questionnaire distributed among a large number of affiliates. To obtain comparable data and make the wording of the questions the most adequate and precise, the researchers solicited the assistance of four affiliate managers who acted as pilots. The research was conducted in the U.S. and comprised the MNC affiliates of the most represented two-digit SIC industries and parent countries. The former included Food Products, Printing and Publishing, Primary Metals, Fabricated Metals, Industrial Equipment and Computers, Electrical Equipment and Electronics, Transportation Equipment, Instruments, Wholesale Trade-Durables and Depository Institutions. The most represented parent countries were Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and Britain. Out of 1,055 distributed questionnaires 249 were fully completed and thus served as valid comparable research sources. The respondents were asked to judge HRM practices in their affiliates and to compare them to HRM practices in the parent company and local companies on a 5-point scale. Six different HRM practices were identified as the research subject, namely the extent of employee benefits, the amount of annual paid time off, use of bonuses in executive compensation, participation in executive decision making, gender composition and the amount of employee training. Such factors as founding (greenfield or acquisition), the extend to which an affiliate depended on local inputs, the intensity of communication with the parent, the culture of the latter and its orientation towards control, the pressure from local institutions and governments, the nature of the industry (multidomestic versus global)and several others were used as independent variables.

The major findings of the research confirmed its main assumptions. First, the six HRM practices adopted by affiliates were significantly closer to local practices than to parent practices. Secondly, those HRM practices for which there existed well-defined local norms and legislation (Time Off, Benefits, Gender Composition) resembled more local practices, whilst HRM practises that had to do with executives, decision making and/or were crucial for internal consistency tended to follow more parent practices (Executive Bonus and Participation). Moreover, it was found that certain variables influenced the extent to which affiliates adopted local practices: those founded by acquisition and dependent upon local inputs resembled more local companies, whilst those which kept close communication with their parent and had a high percentage of expatriates followed more HRM practices of their parents. Finally, the research showed certain differences as to parent nationality: American and Canadian HRP were quite similar, Japanese affiliates adhered least to U.S. practices, and German and Swedish affiliates demonstrated the greatest divergence form their parents.

The research yet had its shortcomings of which the authors were fully aware and which they also acknowledged. The authors were conscious of the fact that the results of their study might well not hold for other countries.

Despite its shortcomings, the article is still valuable for its findings. It is especially useful for Americans as it allows them to scientifically compare their HRM practices to those in other countries. Two important findings can be learned from the article. First, HRM practices in MNC affiliates are shaped by different forces and influences. Secondly, although not coerced to do so, in general affiliates tend to adopt local HRM practices.

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Managing Diversity Research Paper

(Addressing the managerial implications of increasing diversity in the workforce.)

A great amount of people in our ever changing and globalising world view diversity as an advantage. There are however those of us who find it difficult to deal with and prefer not to make the extra effort, and instead to settle for the familiar. It is natural for individuals to feel more comfortable with a slightly altered version of themselves. This would, to a large extent, prevent communication difficulties, and save people the effort of having to consider and get acquainted with someone different to them. In reality we have no choice but to embrace differences in culture, origin, language, etc. This is especially true in the field of management. This is one of the areas which are most affected by globalisation and the increasing need for coping with diversity.

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Companies are increasing their intercultural and gender tolerant focus when recruiting new employees, and thus encountering new challenges in managing their labour force. Despite the difficulties which might arise as a result of the diversification of the workforce, one cannot help but think that there must be some advantage to this new phenomenon. If not, why would successful companies chose to make the extra effort of having diverse teams?

According to the book “Intercultural Management” by Nina Jacob, leading companies choose to “globalise” themselves internally in order to achieve a good cohesion with their regions of activity, and thus obtain the best possible results in their operations. There are many considerations when dealing with multicultural working environments. Managers must be aware of the numerous peculiarities of diverse groups. If run well, such teams can have astounding success. Optimal outcomes can be achieved by encouraging people to let loose and work freely at the tasks which they are good at. It is no coincidence that leading multinationals are opting for a diverse workforce. They are well aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each culture involved in their company, and know how to manage and distil the best of each.

In order to do this however, there are certain prerequisites. These include awareness, knowledge of hard cross cultural facts, and perhaps most important – a firm hand when enforcing tolerance, understanding, and facilitating effective communication. If there is to be success in a diverse team, there needs to be a good fusion between its members. This will enable workers to cooperate and cherish their differences. It is natural for conflicts and difficulties to arise simply because people’s set of beliefs, values, their communication habits, body language, and pretty much everything that comprises them as individuals varies so much. Whether this is because of differences in culture, background, education or even sex it is both the challenge and advantage of managing mixed teams.

If we examine things more closely from a cross cultural point of view, we will find that there are many theories and classifications of the exact differences between cultures. This field of knowledge involves sciences such as psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and many other aspects of human learning. One particular study and theory about the way cultures can be classified is that of R. Lewis. In his book “When Cultures Collide” he outlines his study of cultural differences and diversity. The theory behind the author’s musings is that world cultures can be classified into three basic groups, namely Linear – active, Multi – active, and Reactive. Each of these has its own characteristics and members. There are few cultures which belong strictly to one of the categories, but each is thought to have a predominant amount of features from one of them. The linear active group is characterised as cool, factual, and decisive when it comes to planning. It comprises countries such as Germany and Switzerland. The Multi – active variety is described as warm, talkative, emotional, and impulsive and includes, among others, South America, Spain, Italy. And the final category is the Reactive one. It is made up of Countries such as Vietnam, China, Japan, etc, and is said to be courteous, amiable, compromising, and good at listening. Apart from providing this basic division, the book also gives many examples from the rich life experience of the writer, and supports the claims with hard psychological and sociological evidence. The author goes on to further define the characteristics of each cultural group by providing insights into each one’s perception of time, sequence of task completion, interpersonal distance, etc.

This gives us a basis for interpreting the managerial implications of such ideas. Let us imagine for a moment that we are managing a team which’s members come from each of the above categories. We as managers may have no idea about the farfetched idea of cross cultural differences and therefore go about the work based on what needs to be done, and who is qualified to complete which task. This may be a good way to start the planning process, but it is bound to lead to devastating results. Can we trust that a team of people with completely differing perceptions of the working process and even of time will manage to magically cooperate without any help or problems? If we make that assumption what will undoubtedly result are conflicts, frustration, and bad final results. We therefore need to cater for such differences within the workforce by assigning the right kind of work to the right people, in the right kind of way and in the mean time monitoring that there is efficient communication and cooperation.

Although cultural differences account for a large part of multiplicity in the work force, they are not the only managerial challenge when dealing with diverse groups. There are many other aspects to be taken into account one of which is gender. It is clear to us even from an early age that males and females have different reactions to any given event. Whether this is inborn, or we are conditioned thus by society is a controversial issue, but the fact that differences exist remains.

While women are more likely to exhibit emotional behaviour and focus more on the maintaining interpersonal relationships, men tend to be more direct. As any other generalisation this can be refuted, but we can all agree that there is truth to this claim and that benefits may be derived from it. In his article Managing Gender Diversity, K. Weiss points out the differences between gender in terms of ways of thinking and planning and gives a few pointers on how to deal with gender differences. An overview of a few these tips could help us to better understand where gender differences arise and how they can be dealt with. The author suggests that women and men should remember that “empathy vs. advice” is an issue. This means that females tend to look for understanding rather than practical advice, and for men the bottom line result is important so they tend to give handy tips. Another interesting piece of advice is that the fair sex should remember that anger is a way for men to deal with stress. With this in mind we can strive to reduce angry outbursts from males in the workplace and reassure women that this is a natural way of dealing with anger for men. These suggestions show us that a key role of managers is to soften the blow of communication differences between men and women. This can help to establish a healthy working environment and enable everyone to contribute to the maximum.

These observations and facts about the diversity in the working environment are all a valid concern for every manager. In order to make differences a strength the coordinator of the workforce needs to have the necessary knowledge, skill, and most importantly intuition to enforce a friendly and productive environment of effective communication and productivity.

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Self Harm Research Paper

Introduction

Hereby it is proposed to establish a support group for young females who self harm. While self-mutilating behavior is most prevalent among adolescents, young females are also at risk. Furthermore, underage patients are usually cared for by their parents or legal guardians, while young females have to deal with their problems on their own. In a month-long therapy course of four sessions, patients will learn to manage feelings of guilt and rage, build self-esteem, and develop positive affirmations.

Purpose of the group

1. To alleviate and help patients learn to control negative feeling which lead to self-mutilating behaviors. These feelings fall within two broad categories, namely guilt and rage. 

2. To develop healthy self-image among patients and to give them positive affirmations. Self-mutilating behaviors are usually caused by deeper psychological problems; furthermore, patients who self harm are at risk of developing other disorders, like eating disorders.

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Target Population 
In terms of gender, the group will be limited to female participants. Issues discussed within the group might be too personal and sensitive to be talked about in the presence of people of a different gender. For example, self-mutilation can sometimes be the result of sexual trauma: Stone (1987) writes that a number of patients who self harm have experienced sadistic sexual abuse from an older person during their childhood. They use self-mutilation to relieve their guilt from having “inappropriate” sexual thoughts and to punish not only themselves but also, symbolically, the original perpetrator.

As for age, females from the age of eighteen to the age of twenty six will be targeted. At the age of eighteen, people acquire full legal rights and are released from parental custody. Challenges of adulthood might be overwhelming at first, therefore young females are especially at risk of developing behaviors that might cause them to inflict harm upon themselves. While self-injury tendencies are most common among adolescents (Pattison, & Kahan, 1983), behaviors can persists if not treated in a timely and effective manner or even develop during adulthood. Therefore, young women can engage in such dangerous behaviors as well.

The group would welcome people with different diagnoses and problems. As Winchel and Stanley (1991) observe, the four categories of patients which are most likely to develop self-injurious behaviors are: 1) individuals with character disorders (primarily borderline personality disorder); 2) mentally retarded; 3) psychotic patients, and 4) prison populations. Not all of the aforementioned categories would be included in the group; please see the following section for a more detailed explanation of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients from the first category are most likely to comprise the majority in the group, therefore a closer look at this category is required. In a particularly relevant study of the prevalence of self-injurious behavior in a non-clinical population, Klonsky, Oltmanns and Turkheimer (2003) discovered that persons who engaged in such behavior had borderline, schizotypal, dependent, and avoidant personality disorder symptoms and reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Generally speaking, target population would include patients who engage in self-mutilation with these or similar problems. However, other problems like substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder (Zlotnick, Mattia & Zimmerman, 1999) can also lead to self-harm.

Selection of participants 
Inclusion criteria 
Persons of the age and gender specified above that engage in behaviors that can be classified “as the commission of deliberate harm to one’s own body. The injury is done to oneself, without the aid of another person, and the injury is severe enough for tissue damage (such as scarring) to result. Acts that are committed with conscious suicidal intent or are associated with sexual arousal are excluded” (Winchel & Stanley, 1991, p. 306). The reason why persons with suicidal thoughts should be excluded is because self-mutilation is fundamentally different from the desire to kill oneself and therefore requires a different treatment approach.

Exclusion criteria 
Patients with mental retardation, psychosis, schizophrenia or another condition which requires hospital treatment; prison populations; persons failing to meet the profile described in the “Target Population” section.

How will the participants be acquired? 
Acquisition of participants should happen through a combination of all available methods, such as referrals from hospitals, community health centers, private health practitioners or citizens (like a concerned friend or spouse). Also, patients should be encouraged to join therapy by themselves. Therefore, the strategy for publicizing the group should be three-pronged and include actions aimed at raising awareness among general public, among at-risk population, and among health care practitioners.

The group program
The program would consist of four sessions: two of them will be aimed at eliminating or teaching how to manage negative emotions, while two others would assist patients in developing a sense of dignity and control of their own life.

Description of overall program: 
Aims Session One:
Dealing with Guilt Self-mutilating behavior is most frequently associated with guilt, especially among female adolescent or young women (Rodham, Hawton & Evans, 2004). As a consequence, teaching patients to acknowledge guilt and deal with it in a constructive manner should be one of the main goals of the therapy.

Session Two:
Managing Anger and Anxiety Winchel and Stanley (1991) established the “presence of a group of patients, most of whom are young and female, with a high rate of self-injurious acts associated with poor tolerance of anxiety and anger” (p. 308). Thus, another aim of the group therapy would be to educate patients in the management of their anxiety and rage.

Session Three:
Empowerment Self-mutilation can sometimes be a sign of the patient’s craving for control over her own body and, symbolically, over her life. For them, cutting or burning themselves produces a feeling of empowerment thy need to counter the feeling of helplessness (Leibenluft, Gardner & Cowdry, 1987). Patients should be shown other avenues to empowerment, such as education, satisfying career, or fulfilling relationships.

Session Four:
Building Self-Esteem Podvoll (1969) notes that patients that engage in self-injurious behavior are so insecure they do not dare express their anger to the outward world; by redirecting aggression toward oneself, their rage and explosiveness appear to be fixed on a seemingly indestructible object, their own body. Thus, patients have to develop a sufficient degree of self-esteem to be able to engage in constructive conflict with others. Higher self-esteem would also serve to counter or prevent disorders which often go hand in hand with self-mutilation in young females, such as eating disorders (Yaryura-Tobias & Neziroglu, 1978; Favazza & DeRosear, 1989). Thus, developing a healthy body image would be another goal of the therapy. Higher self-esteem might potentially lead to a more active lifestyle, which would in turn eliminate root causes of other problems causing or accompanied the tendency to self harm, such as substance abuse or depression.

Group facilitators 
The group should be run by an experienced mental health practitioner, with a co-facilitator. Co-facilitator comes in handy when a patient fails to develop an effective therapeutic relationship with the mental health practitioner for the reason of personal idiosyncrasies. Co-facilitator does not need to be a qualified mental health professional; a nurse would be the most appropriate candidate. One guest speaker should be invited: rather than having an authority figure speak (e.g. an anger management guru), it is better to involve a patient who has successfully dealt with her self-mutilation problem. Group participants might have an aversion to authority after having dealt with psychiatrists or maybe even police officers as a result of their self-mutilation experience.

Time frame of group program
Sessions should last for two hours and take place every week. Consequently, the entire course of therapy would last for a month. One month is a sufficient amount of time for patients to initiate a positive personality change; a longer course might result in a high drop-out rate. Compliance might be an important obstacle to the success of group therapy, since it is reported that between a quarter and a half of patients who self harm do not attend out-patient appointments even though they had committed to doing so when seen during their in-patient stay (Morgan et al., 1976). Therefore, a relative short duration of the course should be seen as an advantage. Drop-out is a very negative phenomenon in terms of group dynamics and should be avoided at all cost.

Meeting once a week would give patients time to work on issues on their own. Furthermore, patients should be given homework they should commit to doing, presenting the results during the following session.

Tentative plan of each session 
Group therapy has been shown to be an effective way to enhance affect-management skills among female patient suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociation. The profile of women with these symptoms is very similar to those who engage in self-mutilating behaviors, therefore it is appropriate to borrow certain methodological tools from such therapy. In general, each session will be structured similarly and include a “review of the previous week’s homework, a psychoeducational presentation, followed by skill building, application of skills, and assignment of homework” (Zlotnick et al., 1997, p. 431). In the first session, patients should be encouraged to introduce themselves and share their experiences. The facilitator will then talk the issue of guilt through, perhaps by discussing an example of a person who had done something wrong, suffered from an excruciating feeling of guilt, and was able to move on as time went by. This will give patients a positive example to look up to; furthermore, comparing their experience of guilt caused by something illusory and insignificant (which it is in most cases) with what the discussed person had to go through will assist them in letting go of their negative emotions.

The second session devoted to controlling rage should enhance patients’ skills in such fields as “identification of emotions, crisis planning, anger management, and techniques for distraction, self-soothing, distress tolerance, and relaxation” (Zlotnick et al., 1997, p. 431).

As it has been outlined above, the first two sessions should aim at helping patients overcome and learn to control negative emotions. Winchel and Stanley (1991) note that in the case with self-injurious patients, the “havoc they wreak on their bodies may be seen as directed toward internalized representations of others or as attempts to undo guilt. Episodes of self-injury may often be temporally linked to crises in relationships with significant others” (p. 309).

Thus, the last two sessions should equip patients with skills necessary to reestablish meaningful contact with others and build a sense of self-worth. Such an approach might seem rather unconventional: usually therapy focuses solely on the removal of causes of a particular disorder. However, having patients move on with their lives and develop fulfilling relationships is the best safeguard against relapse. Research indicates that problem solving therapy has a potential for reducing recurrence of self-harm in patients (Hawton et al. 1998).

This approach, in essence, is a combination of behavioral techniques and features of cognitive therapy. Changing dysfunctional attitudes speeds up recovery and contributes to the stability of treatment results. Cognitive therapy, in itself, rest upon the basic rationale that a person’s emotional responses and behavior are to a great extent determined by the way that individual perceives the world. Person’s cognitions stem from attitudes and stereotypes developed from previous encounters with particular phenomena. In other words, this type of therapy focuses on changing peoples’ perceptions and attitudes instead of attempting to alter the surrounding conditions.

Benefits
The group will have the following benefits for the participants:

it will assist them in overcoming feelings of guilt and rage; it will teach them how to acknowledge and manage their emotions; it will give them confidence and willingness to engage in meaningful activities and personal development; it will provide human contact and motivate them to develop relationships with others.

Evaluation 
Given the short duration of the course, evaluation of each session might be unnecessary. Instead, an effective evaluation technique of the entire course should be developed. First of all, a self-report will be filled in by patients following the completion of the therapy. Patients will be asked to evaluate their emotional state (e.g. feeling more or less depresses, guilty, angry etc.) and acquisition of new skills (e.g. interpersonal skills, self-motivation, long-term planning etc.). However, given the inherent subjectivity of self-reporting mechanisms, follow-up evaluation is necessary. Readmission rates for self-mutilation among group members will be checked every two months. Another follow-up measure might be implemented: devising “a way of offering contact and support which would be available at any time of day or night and which could be used at the earliest possible moment should difficulties recur” (Morgan, Jones & Owen, 1993) to patients with a history of self-harm has been proven effective.

Ethical issues
Ethical issues are very likely to arise given the profile of patients. Self-mutilating behavior can sometimes be caused by antisocial personality disorder (Zlotnick, Mattia & Zimmerman, 1999), therefore some group members might express disregard for others. This might be very dangerous, since patients with a history of self-injury have heightened sensitivity to interpersonal rejection (Klonsky, Oltmanns & Turkheimer, 2003). In case such a situation arises, the co-facilitator should talk to the offender in private and try to resolve the conflict. Furthermore, having participants themselves establish group rules at the beginning of the process is a must.

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Critical Thinking Research Paper

1. Introduction

It seems that when a child is brought to the world, his mind falls under the control of almost everyone involved in his growth and development; parents, relatives, nannies, teachers, friends, colleagues, bosses, politicians, etc. It is the responsibility of the elders to direct and form a young person’s mind until he reaches the age of 17-18, when he is able to make decisions on his own and to be fully responsible for his actions. However, even after reaching this age and becoming independent, one’s ability to use his full potential in building and developing his personality is questionable. In fact, a person is always a ‘product’ of the society he was raised in, in terms of, to name few examples, the clothes he wears, the professions he chooses or the politicians he supports.

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According to Clement & Lochhead, “We should be teaching students how to think. Instead, we are teaching them what to think” (1980, p.1). Unfortunately, already in the schools educators fail to realize the importance of explaining their students the way they should approach the knowledge given to them during the classes, demanding from them to learn and memorize an enormous amount of material instead. The world today lacks people who are able to think and act on their own, who do not follow the authorities and believe every word they say without questioning whether they are right or not. The world today lacks critical thinkers.

2. What is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking was first introduced 2,500 years ago by Socrates. He was the first one to question authorities’ rightness and correctness of their regulations. ‘Socratic Questioning’ was Socrates’ method for teaching his students how to express their ideas and beliefs in a clear and enlightened way. According to this method, students were asked several questions such as: (Syque, 2009, 2-5) Why are you saying that? How do you know this? Why is that happening? How could you look another way at this? What are the consequences of that assumption? What was the point of asking this question? These questions helped him to go deeper into the topic of the discussion and to develop better arguments.

Critical thinking helps us to correctly approach the issue; gather and sort all the needed information; separate facts from opinions; consider all possible outcomes; and come to an accurate conclusion or decision. Through questioning the existing beliefs and norms in a given society, critical thinkers can find an absolutely innovative and enhanced solution to open and undecided issues.

3. Benefits of Critical Thinking

Innovative and accurate problem solving is only one of the major benefits of critical thinking. In addition to the obvious advantage of critical thinking in decision-making, it has several other benefits worth mentioning:

First, the critical thinker is more calm and confident. A person who thinks critically knows that her solution is correct since she uses the facts while analyzing the issue, approaches the problem from different points of view and questions not only common beliefs and opinions, but also his own.

Second, critical thinking saves time. Before a critical thinker begins to act, he goes through all the possible results certain move can cause. If a fast decision is required, the critical thinker will seek for the shortest way to it, thus will not waste time on experimenting with any possible option.

Finally, critical thinking can improve communication. When analyzing the problem or question, critical thinkers take into consideration all the existing facts, beliefs and knowledge. Hence, critical thinkers can foresee the reaction of other people to a certain issue and their approach to it.

4. An example of Critical Thinking

One good example of using critical thinking is teamwork. When a group of people is confronted with an issue and has to find a solution collectively, asking questions is the best way to make people think and to discover creative and innovative ideas. This could be done not only by brainstorming and bringing up random thoughts and ideas, but also by going deeper into several possible options.

If, for example, a new promotional strategy must be created for a certain product, the group should not only concentrate on the idea itself, but also take into consideration the company’s budget, different ways of carrying out the task, the necessity of the prospective change, consumers’ response to this new concept, etc.

5. Conclusion

It does not matter in what aspect of life person uses critical thinking. Whatever he is doing, his use of critical thinking will always improve the process and the result. Being able to use one’s mind to the best possible extent can bring enormous changes to his life and to the lives of others.

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Research Papers on Marcus Garvey

In Marcus Garvey's passage entitled the "Motive of the NAACP Exposed," Garvey attacks the NAACP and W. E. B. Du Bois on the basis that they are not fairly representing the "colored" population the title suggests. Garvey argues his point by assuming the position of the underrepresented "colored" man in an effort to connect with the entire "Negro" race, and also by emphasizing the differences in "colored" and "Negro."

Garvey begins his writing with an introduction aimed towards "Negroes" announcing that he is preparing to explain why there has been so much resentment between his organization of the Universal "Negro" Improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of "Colored" People. Garvey's second paragraph starts with an attack on Du Bois stating the "Du Bois represents a group that hates the Negro blood in their veins." Here is Garvey's first instance of taking the side of the proud Negro that is able to sympathize with the rest of his race. He is also placing Du Bois of the other end of the stick by saying that Du Bois is trying to "divide the race into two groups" furthering the resentment towards Negroes that are of darker skin than those in Du Bois "group."

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Garvey also talks about disrupting the NAACP by organizing the UNIA in order to "cut off the wicked attempt of race deception and distinction, and in truth to build up a race united in spirit and ideal with the honest desire of adjusting itself to its own moral-social pride and national self-respect." In this statement Garvey is not only defacing the NAACP by telling the Negro community that their stance on racial pride and self respect is a fa+ГTзade, but he is also taking the side of the greater "Negro" community. When Garvey wrote this statement he wrote it with the dual purpose of gaining support, in order to further his organization and also to unmask the real "motive" of the NAACP. Later in the same paragraph Garvey points out yet another weakness of Du Bois by saying that when Garvey visited the office of the NAACP, it was run entirely by white or near white workers. Thus exposing the NAACP to criticism from an underrepresented "Negro" community.

In Garvey's second paragraph he attacks the NAACP by saying that they hate Garvey. The reason they hate Garvey is because, as Garvey puts it, the "Universal Negro Improvement Association, without any prejudice to color or caste, is making headway in bringing all the people together for their common good." Garvey again uses words like "bringing all the people together" and "common good" to signify his position of being for the entire Negro community. Garvey's biggest attack of the issue of color is at the end of this second paragraph in which he tells all Negroes that he employs "every shade of color in the race, according to ability and merit," as opposed to hiring the lightest "colored" workers like Du Bois does to further his cause.

In the latter part of Garvey's essay he switches the audience he is addressing yet also making it seem as if he is talking from the perspective of the "Negro" community. Garvey first begins by talking to the NAACP directly stating, "Gentlemen, you are very smart, but Garvey has caught your tune." Thus making the reader believe that they too are part in catching the fault of the NAACP. Garvey then switches back to addressing "Negroes" again and summing up the NAACP's conniving plot to thwart the darker colored "Negroes." Garvey not only sides with "Negroes" but he also seems to be trying to position himself to represent somewhat of a voice in the crowd. Garvey is not trying to be someone the crowd turns to but rather he is trying to lay down a path they all Negroes can follow. In Garvey's last paragraph he ends with the sentence: "With best wishes for your success, I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant," Making himself out to be completely and thoroughly altruistic to the views he has just presented in his essay. And by seemingly wishing to gain nothing from all his effort he is trying to gain the respect and support of his people.

Another subtle style Garvey uses in his essay is the constant quotation of every instance of "negro" and "colored."

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Research Papers on Dylan Thomas Fern Hill

Research Papers on Fern Hill

The poem Fern Hill written by Dylan Tomas, is about one man reminiscing about his youthful past and glorious childhood. Through countless metaphors, images and symbolism the reader is introduced to this wonderful world full of imagination and reflection. The boy recalls an easy going, carefree life. Surrounded by; rich meadows, wooden valleys, beautiful playgrounds and gorgeous apple orchids. He reminisces about laying under an apple tree, dark with shade and not having a care in the world. He has memories of pretending to be the prince of the apple town and enjoys being loved by all. Much like how most young children, pretend to be something, or someone else. There is a sense of happiness in this time of the child's life, for he sings happily expressing his emotions.

Through these many joyful memories, as we read on we realize how there is also a sense of sadness as the young man soon realizes how his youth is soon leaving him.

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(Quoter lines 12-14) As more childhood memories are presented, such as taking the identity of the herdsman or a huntsman. The boy expresses his feelings through the sounds of his horn and animals such as the foxes and the calves respond. The sounds of the Sabbath rang throughout the valley on this restful Sunday which gives us a sense of calmness.

That day, there was a bright warm welcoming sun which glowed over the fields. The harvest was good this year, because there are many hay barrels, almost as high as the houses. We also can hear the sounds of the wind whistling through the chimneys. As night approached, the child remembers other childhood memories as he falls asleep to the sounds of the night. We are introduced to many night creatures such as; owls, horses and nightjar. They personally add images and sounds to create a solemn surroundings.

The child awakes in the morning and the reader is given the sense of peacefulness and a serene environment. The boy remembers morning sights as; the farms, sounds of the roosters crowing, dew in the meadows, sun fields or horses walking through the stable. White symbolizes; calm, beauty, peacefulness for it was a new day. References are also made to the bible and Adam and Eve in relation to the world and its creations.

Suddenly, the poem brings us back to reality, where the young carefree boy believe he will live forever. Every day he has a new opportunity to attack the obstacle called life, and believe he has more than one chance day after day.

The last few lines of the poem bring us back to reality that life is full of joys and sadness. All good things do come to an end. As the end draws near you reflect on how wonderful your life was. But also keeping in mind what the future may bring. As children your dreams take you places, with age it happens less often. For example: The boy doesn't see the farm in the same eyes as he once did. In childhood, days seem to be long and endless. As your youthfulness becomes shorter so do the days. In conclusion this poem reminds us to appreciate and hold on to our childhood memories. It tells us that " . . . It is in the remembering that we can cherish the joys of what were; it is in the same memories we can be sad for that which is no more, and it is in knowing both, that we realize that we can live life to the fullest."

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